Migration patterns of first-time freshmen in the United States

A place-to-place migration study of first-time freshmen in American four-year colleges and universities presents student migration patterns for each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia in Fall 1986. Migration patterns of all first-time students are reviewed, but the focus of the study is first-time freshmen, the most critical population for institutional enrollment management. State-to-state matrix tables are presented that show where students come from and where they go to school for all fifty-one locations by sector of control (i.e., public and private).Presented at the 29th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Baltimore, Maryland, May 2, 1989.     

Maximal exercise performance and lean leg volume in men and women.

The purpose of this study was to compare the maximal exercise performance during cycle ergometry of 34 men and 47 women. External peak power output (OPP) and optimized pedalling rate (ORPM) were calculated from data gathered during an optimization procedure performed on a friction braked cycle ergometer. In addition, lean leg volume (LLV) and lean upper leg volume (LULV) were determined using an anthropometric technique. Both OPP and ORPM were greater in men than in women (1007 +/- 135 vs 673 +/- 109 W and 119.5 +/- 7.0 vs 104.5 +/- 8.4 rev min-1, respectively; P less than 0.001). The LLV and LULV were also greater in men than in women (7.41 +/- 0.82 vs 5.19 +/- 0.85 l and 4.96 +/- 0.63 vs 3.35 +/- 0.62 l, respectively; P less than 0.001). The ratio standards OPP/LLV and OPP/LULV did not differ significantly between men and women (136.3 +/- 14.7 vs 131.0 +/- 20.6 W l-1 and 204.4 +/- 27.1 vs 204.4 +/- 37.0 W l-1, respectively; P greater than 0.05). Peak power output was related to each of the anthropometric indices in both men and women (LLV:r = 0.614 and 0.527, P less than 0.001; LULV:r = 0.489 and 0.396, P less than 0.01). Analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences between the groups in the variance about regression and the regression coefficients (P greater than 0.05), but the elevation of the regression lines did differ (P less than 0.001). The results suggest that there are differences between maximal exercise performance in men and women that are independent of estimated lean leg volume. They also demonstrate that, in this case, consideration of ratio standards is misleading and that a comparison of regression standards is more appropriate.     

The relation between reading ability and morphological skills: Evidence from derivational suffixes

The English orthography represents both phonemes and morphemes, implying that sensitivity to each of these units could play a role in the acquisition of decoding skills. This study offers some new evidence about sensitivity to morphemes and the decoding skills of American children in grades three to six. It focuses on knowledge of derivational suffixes, which is examined with sentence completion and sentence acceptability tasks that manipulate the suffixes in real words (e.g., electric, electricity) and nonsense derived forms (e.g., froodly, froodness). Both written and spoken materials are considered over the course of two experiments in which the children also received various reading tests, as well as tests of phonological awareness, vocabulary and intelligence. The results indicate that knowledge of derivational suffixes increases with grade level, along with decoding ability and phoneme awareness. Path analyses further reveal that, although there is a consistent correlation between performance on the derivational suffix materials and phoneme awareness and decoding ability, performance on the derivational suffix materials makes an independent and increasing contribution to decoding ability throughout the higher elementary grades.     

Classroom Age Composition and Vocabulary Development Among At-Risk Preschoolers

Research Findings: The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship between classroom age composition and preschoolers’ vocabulary gains over an academic year and also to examine whether these relations were moderated by classroom quality. In this study (N = 130 children in 16 classrooms representing a subset of all children enrolled in these classrooms), results showed a significant cross-level interaction between classroom age composition and children's age, suggesting positive effects of greater variance in classroom age composition for younger but not older children. The interaction between behavior management (1 dimension of classroom quality) and classroom age composition was also significant, indicating that a wider distribution of classroom age composition was positively related to children's vocabulary gains within classrooms characterized by better behavior management. Practice or Policy: Findings underscore the importance of children's social interactions with more knowledgeable conversational partners in promoting their vocabulary development and signify the need to help teachers learn how to manage children's behaviors so as to provide a classroom that is optimal for child learning.     

Surveillance in ubiquitous network societies: normative conflicts related to the consumer in-store supermarket experience in the context of the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging global infrastructure that employs wireless sensors to collect, store, and exchange data. Increasingly, applications for marketing and advertising have been articulated as a means to enhance the consumer shopping experience, in addition to improving efficiency. However, privacy advocates have challenged the mass aggregation of personally-identifiable information in databases and geotracking, the use of location-based services to identify one’s precise location over time. This paper employs the framework of contextual integrity related to privacy developed by Nissenbaum (Privacy in context: technology, policy, and the integrity of social life. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2010) as a tool to understand citizen response to implementation IoT-related technology in the supermarket. The purpose of the study was to identify and understand specific changes in information practices brought about by the IoT that may be perceived as privacy violations. Citizens were interviewed, read a scenario of near-term IoT implementation, and were asked to reflect on changes in the key actors involved, information attributes, and principles of transmission. Areas where new practices may occur with the IoT were then highlighted as potential problems (privacy violations). Issues identified included the mining of medical data, invasive targeted advertising, and loss of autonomy through marketing profiles or personal affect monitoring. While there were numerous aspects deemed desirable by the participants, some developments appeared to tip the balance between consumer benefit and corporate gain. This surveillance power creates an imbalance between the consumer and the corporation that may also impact individual autonomy. The ethical dimensions of this problem are discussed.