Omega-3不饱和脂肪酸对病原微生物的影响（英文）

微生物给人类带来了有利又有害的一面。这些有利的影响一般源于人们与微生物之间的共生关系。但是人类一些疾病的产生使得看似友好的微生物成为条件致病菌,使人们感染上微生物相关的疾病。人们致力于研究多种抗菌剂用于治疗和抑制病原微生物的感染,但是微生物耐药性的出现使得人们的研究进程受阻。尽管已有大量关于药物开发的研究缓解了这个难题,但微生物对这些药物的耐受性以及持续的微生物进化变异,使研究人员把重点放在筛选各种植物膳食类化合物上以用于抗菌。亚麻酸及其衍生物(二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸)是已被广泛研究的omega-3脂肪酸,在人类的健康方面扮演着重要的角色,对大脑、眼睛、心血管系统和人的正常成长都有重要作用。然而,作为抗菌剂的使用并没有受到人们广泛的重视,可能是由于人们缺乏对其抗菌机制、药理毒性以及给药方式的了解。因此,本文综述了omega-3脂肪酸作为替代药物在治疗和预防微生物相关疾病中的作用。     

‘This is my new normal’: teachers’ accounts of evaluation policy at local school board meetings

In this study, we seek to illuminate teachers’ constructions of US teacher evaluation policies through close analysis of the way teachers in one district describe these policies. We conducted a thematic discursive analysis of 60 teachers’ speeches, recorded during local school board meetings in a Tennessee school district. Using discursive psychology as a lens, analysis focuses on the teachers’ constructions of teacher accountability policies and their own positioning within the policies. We also attend to the linguistic resources teachers used in justifying their decision to speak during the meetings. Findings showed that while drawing upon repertoires of human capital and one-size-fits-all education, the teachers’ patterned participation involved the contestation of status quo practices of teacher evaluation and effectiveness by contrasting them with imagined possibilities of what evaluation could be instead. Implications for developing teacher evaluation are discussed.     

Influence of cold-water immersion on limb blood flow after resistance exercise*

This study determined the influence of cold (8°C) and cool (22°C) water immersion on lower limb and cutaneous blood flow following resistance exercise. Twelve males completed 4 sets of 10-repetition maximum squat exercise and were then immersed, semi-reclined, into 8°C or 22°C water for 10-min, or rested in a seated position (control) in a randomized order on different days. Rectal and thigh skin temperature, muscle temperature, thigh and calf skin blood flow and superficial femoral artery blood flow were measured before and after immersion. Indices of vascular conductance were calculated (flux and blood flow/mean arterial pressure). The colder water reduced thigh skin temperature and deep muscle temperature to the greatest extent (P?<?.001). Reductions in rectal temperature were similar (0.2–0.4°C) in all three trials (P?=?.69). Femoral artery conductance was similar after immersion in both cooling conditions, with both conditions significantly lower (55%) than the control post-immersion (P?<?.01). Similarly, there was greater thigh and calf cutaneous vasoconstriction (40–50%) after immersion in both cooling conditions, relative to the control (P?<?.01), with no difference between cooling conditions. These findings suggest that cold and cool water similarly reduce femoral artery and cutaneous blood flow responses but not muscle temperature following resistance exercise.