德国宪法中的所有权保障

所有权在德国宪法中被理解为行使自由的实质推动力和个人存在的基础,不存在天赋的所有权,立法一般须抽象规定且不断更新所有权的规范内容。所有权基本权利虽不由国家创制．却不得因此而干涉他人权利或破坏自然环境。对所有权的限制性．规定针对的是恣意行使权利的人,该限制不得恣意进行,必须是为了公共福祉．且须合理。     

COLLEGE TEACHING IN LEGAL EDUCATION: Teaching Method,Students' Time-on-Task,and Achievement

Based on the theory of teaching as assistedperformance (Tharp and Gallimore, 1988), the UtrechtUniversity Law School has implemented college teachingfocusing on a particular combination of various methods of assisting students' performance. In additionto the conventional case method in legal education, theproblem method was adopted as the primary method ofinstruction. This method focused on how students learn to solve legal problems by actuallyfinding, framing, and analyzing issues themselves.Contingency management was used to motivate students tocomplete problem-solving assignments and attend theseminars in which training was provided for legalproblem-solving skills. Analyses of variance wereperformed to examine the relation between the problemand the case method, and students' time-on-task andachievement. The results were favorable to the problemmethod: Compared to the case method, students spent moretime on learning activities and performed better,controlling for the analysis for their previousachievement, time-on-task in previous terms, and motivationfor the particular course. The differences inachievement between both teaching methods were mainlyrelated to the difference in the time students spent on the particular course.     

Auswahlbibliografie Neuerscheinungen

Auswahlbibliografie

Auswahlbibliografie Neuerscheinungen     

Multilevel design efficiency in educational effectiveness research

In educational effectiveness research, multilevel data analyses are often used because research units (most frequently, pupils or teachers) are studied that are nested in groups (schools and classes). This hierarchical data structure complicates designing the study because the structure has to be taken into account when approximating the accuracy of estimation and the power for statistical testing, which should be sufficient to reach meaningful conclusions. Accuracy and power, both referred to as efficiency, can be optimized by carefully choosing the number of units to sample at each of the levels, taking into account the available resources and costs of sampling at these levels. We complement the findings that are found in the literature with regard to designing multilevel studies and propose a simulation approach that can be used to help making study-specific decisions.     

Computer Environments for Proof Construction

Abstract

Does the presentation and use of the search space matter for complex problem solving tasks? We address these questions for the construction of proofs in sentential logic. Using a fully computerized logic course, we isolated crucial features of computer environments and assessed their relative pedagogical effectiveness. After being given a pretest for logical aptitude, students were divided into three matched groups, each of which used a distinct computerized environment to construct proofs. All students were presented with identical course material on sentential logic for approximately five weeks.

Students completed more than one hundred exercises during those five weeks and took a midterm at the end of the period. The group using the most informative and most flexible interface performed substantially better on the midterm— the difference was particularly striking for hard problems. In two follow‐up experiments we added strategic problem solving help; student performance improved again (entirely on the difficult problems). Our interpretation is, first, flexibility in traversing the search space leads students to see the global structure of the search space and to develop effective heuristics; second, strategic help reinforces and extends these heuristics.     

Vocational identity of at-risk emerging adults and its relationship with individual characteristics

International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance - Vocational identity is a prerequisite for enhancing societal inclusion of at-risk emerging adults. School curricula and rebound...     

Why teachers cooperate: an expectancy-value model of teacher cooperation

European Journal of Psychology of Education - While cooperation among teachers is considered an important indicator of school quality, the empirical evidence on the efficacy of teacher cooperation...     

Computer-Mediated Communication Environments in Teacher Education: Computer Conferencing and the Supervision of Student Teachers

The use of computer conferencing environments with student teachers and their supervisors was implemented during teaching practice and evaluated for four teacher education programs. Computer conferencing can be contrasted with the more common supervision methods, such as face-to-face conferences between the student teacher and the cooperating teacher, or between a group of student teachers and their supervisor at the teacher education institute. In our evaluation, we focused on participants' opinions of computer conferencing and their participation, activities and educational outcomes. During their field experiences, student teachers used computer conferencing primarily to exchange emotional support when they recognised similar experiences among their peers. It was less used for reflecting on their teaching and exchanging pedagogical content knowledge, including instructional methods and designs, classroom management strategies, general and instructional theories, and aspects of the teaching profession. This finding led to the conclusion that more attention should be paid to the structure of student teachers' learning environment, because more coaching and instruction of student teachers in their systematic and reflective use of computer conferencing leads to more varied and extensive communication     

Typology of Student Citizenship

Most of the empirical frameworks and theories concerned with the development of citizenship today are quite complex and only provide some guidance for what citizenship education should attend to; they do not provide insight into the actual citizenship of students. We constructed a typology of student citizenship, on the basis of data collected from students. Patterns of scores for the citizenship orientations and citizenship knowledge of students were examined, and four clearly interpretable profiles could be identified (committed citizenship, indifferent citizenship, ordinary citizenship and self-assured citizenship). A sample of 7,768 students from grades 5 to 9 (aged 11–16 years) from 38 primary and secondary education schools participated in this research. The typology was then cross-validated on a separate sample of 15,940 students from Dutch primary and secondary education schools. The types of the citizenship differed depending on the individual demographic characteristics of the students and their level of education. Implications of the typology for citizenship education and future research are discussed.     

Emergent literacy activities in the final preschool year in the German federal states of Bavaria and Hesse

Emergent literacy activities are considered to be important for promoting children’s emergent literacy skills. However, little research exists, especially in Germany, regarding how often such activities occur and in what context. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of emergent literacy activities occurring in the final preschool year, and their dependence on structural characteristics. Ninety-six children (mean age = 5.9) from 50 preschools in two German federal states were observed in their final preschool year. Results show that emergent literacy activities relating to print materials play a minor role, whereas activities involving oral language play a major role, compared with other activities in children’s preschool experience. Results also indicate a significant link between child-related, family and distal characteristics (i.e. geographic location and federal state affiliation) and the frequency of emergent literacy activities.