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41.
Subjects typically show superior discriminative performance when a distinguishing feature appears on reinforced rather than nonreinforced trials. The phenomenon is usually attributed to the relative predictiveness of the reinforcer by different stimulus elements. However, stimulus addition may be more effective than stimulus deletion as a signal. By removing the standard intertriai intervals, we made addition and deletion equally predictive of the reinforcer in four operant experiments involving between- and within-subject comparisons. Pigeons consistently performed better on operant discriminations when the addition rather than deletion of an auditory or visual stimulus served as the cue for food. This general finding persisted despite manipulation of the relative duration and localizability of the signal. Thus mere presence as opposed to absence plays a role in the feature-positive superiority, an outcome that may reflect a fundamental, biologically based difference between addition and deletion as effective signals of reinforcement. 相似文献
42.
William I. Wolff 《Technical Communication Quarterly》2013,22(4):303-326
Despite the prominent role of application forms in the process of composing grant proposals, little attention has been given to the rhetorical and ethical implications of their prompts and instructions. This article analyzes classification systems reified within the cognitive properties of online forms that faculty members use to submit grant proposals. Results suggest that the historicity of proposal forms adds to the complexity of developing models that accurately represent proposal writing in multiple contexts. 相似文献
43.
Unemployed PH.D. 《Religious education (Chicago, Ill.)》2013,108(4):264-272
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Kathleen K Mangione Kathy Macropol Yanxia Jia Michael Tevald Shane Harris Edward Wolff 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2018,22(4):356-363
Heart rate (HR) by time curves could be useful as a measure of treatment fidelity (TF). The purposes were to describe the frequency of common recording irregularities (e.g. errors) observed during exercise, validate a process to correct those errors, and determine whether there is a clinically meaningful benefit to data correction. In total, 1895 exercise sessions from 69 older adults with hip fracture were inspected for errors in the placement of event markers (duration of exercise) and signal artifacts. Marker errors occurred in 33% of the participants and corrected in 324 sessions. Signal artifacts occurred in 96% of the participants and eliminated in 702 sessions. Computer code was 85% accurate in detecting signal artifacts, compared to 97% for investigators. HR was significantly higher after correction, but the average change was only 0.69 + 1.20 beats per minute. An HR monitor showing HR by time curves (HRxTC) can be used to evaluate TF during exercise. 相似文献
45.
Policy as Boundary Object: A New Way to Look at Educational Policy Design and Implementation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Policy implementation research in general and educational policy in particular is loosely connected to policy-making processes.
There is a gap particularly in the field of vocational education. This often leads to conflicts and contradictions between
policy-maker objectives and end-user implementation. To avoid such a disconnect, the relation between the world of end users
and the world of decision-makers should be carefully constructed. This might be done through connecting the process of decision-making
to implementation and carefully developing methods that encompass the demands of decision-makers and the needs and informational
requirements of end users. Our intensive case study research on the process of a vocational education reform in the marine
sector confirms that the lack of robust connection and active engagement of implementers as the end-users in the design of
the policy created challenges for its implementation. Using a theoretical framework based on the notion of boundary objects we bring an alternative to current practice by creating the potential to illuminate and remove tensions and challenges for
policy implementation. From there we infer that adopting this concept for policy design may prevent such conflicts and contradictions
and result in successful implementation.
相似文献
Wolff -Michael RothEmail: |
46.
Niu Qiang Martin Wolff 《通化师范学院学报》2006,(6):29-32,33,34
THROUGHOUT China, the National language, Mandarin, is spoken by only 53% of the Chinese population (Yan 2005), while most primary schools, and all middle and senior-middle schools, colleges and universities have mandatory English instruction (cf. Niu Qiang & Martin Wolff 2004a). Shakespeare says that ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet,' but linguistic imperialism - defined by Robert Phillipson (1992) as‘the dominance asserted and maintained by the establishment and continuous reconstitution of structural and cultural inequalities between English and other languages' - has had other economically optimistic and sen-sationalized names, such as. 相似文献
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