基于油气藏渗流力学课程的创新创业深度研究融合

"油气藏渗流力学"作为石油工程专业主干课程,在日常教学中,多为理论知识教学,缺少实践教学活动。本文通过问卷调查,得出创新创业教育实际情况的相关数据。根据实际情况,以创新创业为方向,将其思想与内涵同"油气藏渗流力学"的教学计划及活动相结合。从课上到课下,从学校到学生,全方位、深层次、多方向地提出了模块教学、合理规划科技创新竞赛及跨专业联合教学模式三种教学改革方式。     

深港跨境学童教育初探

深港跨境学童是深圳、香港两地间的一种特殊社会现象。本文分析了跨境学童的受教育现状,并提出了开展“融和”“多元”的学校教育,加强家校合作与社区教育等多种提高跨境学童教育成效性的对策。     

Development of a space cold atom clock

Atomic clocks with cold atoms play important roles in the field of fundamental physics as well as primary frequency standards. Operating such cold atom clocks in space paves the way for further exploration in fundamental physics, for example dark matter and general relativity. We developed a space cold atom clock (SCAC), which was launched into orbit with the Space Lab TG-2 in 2016. Before it deorbited with TG-2 in 2019, the SCAC had been working continuously for almost 3 years. During the period in orbit, many scientific experiments and engineering tests were performed. In this article, we summarize the principle, development and in-orbit results. These works provide the basis for construction of a space-borne time-frequency system in deep space.     

Electro-mechanically controlled assembly of reconfigurable 3D mesostructures and electronic devices based on dielectric elastomer platforms

The manufacture of 3D mesostructures is receiving rapidly increasing attention, because of the fundamental significance and practical applications across wide-ranging areas. The recently developed approach of buckling-guided assembly allows deterministic formation of complex 3D mesostructures in a broad set of functional materials, with feature sizes spanning nanoscale to centimeter-scale. Previous studies mostly exploited mechanically controlled assembly platforms using elastomer substrates, which limits the capabilities to achieve on-demand local assembly, and to reshape assembled mesostructures into distinct 3D configurations. This work introduces a set of design concepts and assembly strategies to utilize dielectric elastomer actuators as powerful platforms for the electro-mechanically controlled 3D assembly. Capabilities of sequential, local loading with desired strain distributions allow access to precisely tailored 3D mesostructures that can be reshaped into distinct geometries, as demonstrated by experimental and theoretical studies of ∼30 examples. A reconfigurable inductive–capacitive radio-frequency circuit consisting of morphable 3D capacitors serves as an application example.     

Rapid phenotypic evolution with shallow genomic differentiation during early stages of high elevation adaptation in Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Known as the ‘third polar region’, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment.     

江河流域经济系统开放与可持续发展关系——国际经典案例及对黄河流域高质量发展的启示

全球主要江河流域承载并见证人类经济分工演进与发展变迁的浩荡历史,当今全球环境变化与经济一体化深刻影响着流域经济系统开放与可持续发展的作用关系。通过建立现代系统科学方法导引下的区域经济地理学理论分析框架,开展对亚洲、欧洲、南北美洲和非洲代表性江河流域经济系统开放与可持续发展关系的个案描述和指标化对比,发现开放因素对流域经济系统运行状态产生复杂影响,并导致流域经济系统运行的多样化格局和发展的多元化路径。全球江河流域经济系统通过自主开放与创新、协调、适应、共享各参量的共同作用,形成开放与可持续发展良性互动的经验可为黄河流域经济系统高质量可持续发展提供借鉴。     

黄河流域河源区土地利用变化及其影响研究综述

黄河流域河源区是国家生态屏障和“中华水塔”的重要组成部分,是生态保护优先的践行区。本文梳理了近40年来对黄河流域河源区土地利用格局和过程研究的相关文献,从土地利用现状、变化、效应及政策启示等方面进行了全面分析。研究发现：①黄河流域河源区土地利用格局相对稳定,草地面积占绝对优势。2000年是土地利用及其效应变化的重要转折点。2000年之前,草地、林地和湿地等生态用地减少,草地退化、沙化、土壤侵蚀等效应加剧。2000年之后,生态用地增加,植被指数增加,生态系统逐渐向良性方向转变,碳汇功能增强。②生态工程实施和气候变化使该区域土地利用及其效应极具复杂性。整体上土地退化面积有所减少,程度趋缓,草畜基本实现平衡。东部河湟谷地耕地面积减少,集约度提高,种植结构逐步优化;但局部恶化的态势依旧严峻,土壤侵蚀尤其高寒地带的冻融侵蚀加剧。建议应加强土地利用格局变化的影响因素、土地利用变化的生态效应以及生态保育区溢出价值与自然资产的评估研究,为黄河流域河源保护区可持续发展以供有力的科技支撑。     

自然资源要素综合观测指标体系探讨

为了实现自然资源的规范管理和高效利用,需要对其要素进行长期、连续、稳定的综合观测,从而获得相关的基础数据,掌握资源种类、数量、质量和资源间相互作用过程信息。由于目前中国没有形成统一的自然资源观测指标体系,导致不同区域间资源观测和管理存在差异,使得国家尺度上对自然资源的规范化管理和合理利用难以实现。因此,亟需构建一套适用于国家尺度、科学、系统、规范的自然资源要素综合观测指标体系。本文以解决认识自然生态变化规律、预判发展趋势的基础数据支撑能力不足问题为出发点,参考国内外现有观测（监测）指标体系,确立了自然资源要素综合观测指标体系建立和选取的基本原则;在自然资源要素分类的基础上,采用正、反演相结合、模块化等构建方法,建立了由36个归类模块、6个资源要素综合观测系统和若干个赋能模块构成的自然资源要素综合观测指标体系。通过建立大气-地表-地下多层次,个体-景观-区域多尺度的立体化综合观测网,获取自然资源要素数据,以期实现对自然资源的精细化管理、评价和利用。     

黄河源区生态保护与草牧业发展关键技术及优化模式

黄河源区是中国重要的生态屏障区和草牧业生产区,在维护国家生态安全和改善当地民生等方面发挥着重要作用。由于气候变化和人类活动综合影响,20世纪70年代以来黄河源区草地生态系统发生严重退化,对源区草牧业生产、区域生态安全和中下游地区可持续发展造成一定影响。2000年以来,国家实施了一系列重大生态保护和建设工程,黄河源区生态环境质量得到逐步改善,但草地退化趋势尚未得到有效遏制。本文系统梳理了高寒地区草地生态保护与草牧业发展领域的研究与实践,凝练出区域适宜的黄河源区草地生态保护与生态草牧业发展技术体系,基于草畜资源优化配置建立了区域功能耦合发展模式,结合案例分析了相关技术的应用效果,并对源区退化草地管理与生态草牧业发展提出了建议。上述工作对推动黄河源区草地生态保护与高质量发展具有一定的启示作用。     

新药研发发展态势分析

新药研发是医药创新发展的关键环节,是新一轮生命科技革命和生物经济变革的核心领域,对引领科技创新、带动经济发展、提升人民健康福祉具有战略意义。当前,前沿技术不断革新、学科跨域融合、数字深度赋能驱动新药研发领域创新日趋活跃,国内外创新性小分子药物、抗体药物、免疫细胞治疗、基因治疗与核酸药物等密集获批上市,为未满足的临床需求提供更多选择。文章深入分析新药研发领域发展趋势、全球新药批准情况,以及我国新药研发发展现状与态势,提出发展启示与建议,以期为新药研发领域发展提供参考。