Arachnoid cell involvement in the mechanism of coagulation-initiated inflammation in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective: To assess if arachnoid cells have the capability to present antigen and activate T-lymphocytes after stimulation by bloody cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and to illuminate the mechanism of coagulation-initiated inflammation in the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods: Arachnoid cells were cultured, characterized, and examined by immunofluorescence for the basal expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR). Expression of HLA-DR, after co-culturing arachnoid cells in vitro with bloody CSF, was investigated by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry (FCM). The variation of arachnoid cells' ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Arachnoid cells were co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The content of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2r) in culture medium was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: (1) Arachnoid cells were successfully cultured for many passages. The immunofluorescent staining was positive for HLA-DR in over 95% of the human arachnoid cells. The punctate HLA-DR was distributed in cytoplasm and not in the karyon. (2) After co-culturing arachnoid cells in vitro with bloody CSF, numerous particles with strong fluorescence appeared in the cytoplasm on Day 6. On Day 8, the quantity of particles and fluorescent intensity were maximal. FCM showed that the percentage of HLA-DR expressing cells was (2.5±0.4)% at the first 5 d, increasing to (60.8±3.6)% on Day 7. (3) After co-culturing arachnoid cells in vitro with bloody CSF, many lysosome and secondary lysosome particles were present in the cytoplasm. Hyperplasia of rough endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged cysts were observed, with numerous phagocytizing vesicles also observed at the edge of the arachnoid cells. (4) Arachnoid cells stimulated by bloody CSF were co-cultured in vitro with PBMCs. The content of sIL-2r in the culture medium, having been maintained at around 1.30 ng/ml during the first 3 d, had increased by Day 4. The content of sIL-2r peaked 7.53 ng/ml on Day 7 and then reduced gradually. Conclusions: (1) Basic HLA-DR expression is present in arachnoid cells. (2) After stimulation by bloody CSF, arachnoid cells have the potential to serve as antigen presenting cells (APCs) and the ability to activate T-lymphocytes, indicating that arachnoid cells are involved in the mechanism of coagulation-initiated inflammation in the subarachnoid space after SAH.     

关联理论及关联翻译理论在口译中的应用探析

口译是一种跨语言、跨文化的动态的双语交际活动.利用关联理论及关联翻译理论的强大解释力阐述口译的过程,分析译员在口译过程中讲话者和受话者的双重角色,并进一步针对译员如何成功塑造其双重角色及改善自身认知环境提出一些有效的建议,如必要的口译预期,谙习文化差异,积累图式知识等,从而使译员能够较充分地发挥其在口译活动中的主观能动作用,这对译员成功地完成口译交际活动将起到积极作用.     

轻声唱法对花腔演唱的意义

轻声唱法作为一种声音训练手段,对花腔演唱技能的掌握具有重要的意义。它贯穿花腔实践和教学历史,体现时代美学原则;它能够使声乐学习者较快掌握头腔共鸣的技巧,扩展音域,使嗓音逐步向全声发展,增强演唱者对于作品的表现和驾驭能力,是进入花腔演唱殿堂的重要路径。     

The Counter-Elite＇s Spirit Reflected in The Bridges of Madison County

The Bridges of Madison County by Robert James Waller occupies an important position in American popular literature. On August 16, 1992, The Bridges of Madison County debuted on the New York Times bestsellers list and it spent the following three years on Times bestsellers. In this fiction, the author knit the story from multipoint views to portray Robert Kincaid, the hero in the novel, and how he showed his counter-elite＇s spirit with his behavior during the 1960s in the United States （US）. The present paper, first of all, gives a brief introduction of the story. Then, the paper mainly explores the novel from two aspects： Robert Kincaid＇s challenge against the industrialized American society and the counter-elite＇s spirit reflected in the novel. The paper concludes that Robert Kincaid is a counter-elite in the industrialized American, where elites are the mainstream of the society.     

无机多组份体系同时测定分光光度法

自1951年B、chance研制成第一台双波长分光光度计以来,无机多组份体系分光光度测定方法,取得了显著的进展,发展了双波长分光光度法,三波长分光光度法,双显色双波长分光光度法,导数分光光度法,组合导数分光光度法,本文试就借助于仪器的输出信息,消除重叠光谱带的干扰,同时测定无机多组份体系的分光光度方法,作一简要的评述。     

语言规划的动因与效果——基于近百年中国语言规划实践的认识

文章从规划动因和效果的关系出发,把中国语言规划实践中的一些案例放到特定的背景下,分析政府、社会思潮、语言理念、政治目标(认同建构)等对国语运动、推普、汉字改革、语言文字标准化和规范化等的影响。     

我国中小企业融资问题研究

中小企业已成为我国国民经济的重要组成部分，发展我国中小企业对我国国民经济具有重要意义。但从目前来看，资金瓶颈问题严重阻碍了我国中小企业的发展。通过对中小企业融资渠道效果进行分析，论述了我国发展民营金融机构必要性，并通过对民营银行的优势进行分析，提出我国发展民营金融机构的可行性。     

江苏省大学生对婚检的认知及态度的调查研究

目的：收集江苏高校医学生与非医学生对婚检的认知及态度,了解他们对婚检的认知和基本的态度倾向,以及是否有婚检宣传教育的意识和行为意愿,为如何提高大学生对婚检的知晓率及践行率提供科学依据。方法：采用分层整群抽样方法,对所选对象进行问卷调查。结果：①对婚检项目很了解的仅80人（9.0%）②有482人（54.1%）认为婚检很有必要,但有536人（60.2%）表示不会主动参加婚检③有238人（40.4%）表示曾和异性发生过婚前性行为,表示自己周围的大学生有过婚前性行为的有712人（79.9%）④仅有110人（12.3%）1认为婚检应该自费。⑤有572人（64.2%）的同学认为自己有提高中国人口素质的责任。结论：处于性活跃期的大学生普遍理解婚检,但愿意以实际行动支持婚检的人数有待提高,政府应当加强大学生对于婚检知识的宣传力度,采用多种方式从多方面完善婚检服务,促使大学生群体以及社会上更多的人群自愿参加婚检。     

国外企业危机管理理论研究综述

本文对国外主要的企业危机管理理论研究进行了较为全面的梳理。本文识别了研究者在本体论层面对危机本质形成的三种认识,并以此为线索区分了研究者关注的三类焦点问题、研究中的主要变量,分析和评价了形成的主要学术视角,指出其对企业从事危机管理,尤其是全面认识危机管理成败的指导意义。     

关于我国对俄罗斯、东欧图书馆学研究的再认识

我国的一些优秀图书情报学专家的学术成就证明，有中国特色的高水平的研究，必须广泛借鉴东西方的学术思想，否则将导致学术研究中的片面性和片断性，难以形成完整的学术体系和科学思想，要批判地借鉴国外图书情报学流派，还必须克服固守传统和追随新潮这两种倾向。恰当地对待国外近代图书情报学的传统及其成果。