全球化时代的日本学校教育改革--危机与改革的构想

全球化引发了产业社会向后产业社会的转型,以产业社会为基础建立起来的日本现代学校教育体制面临着严峻的挑战。在官僚主义统治和新自由主义政策把持下的日本教育改革,以一种新的竞争态势使教育的公共性与民主性陷入危机。日本的教育改革不是仅仅依靠新自由主义与新保守主义的政策来推进,更多地是依靠社会民主主义的政策,将学校改革作为一场“静悄悄的革命”而不断发展。因此,日本的教育改革要批判地吸收新保守主义与新自由主义的主张,提倡以“民主主义”与“公共性”原理为基础,构建“学习共同体”的学校改革理念,并通过建立学校之间的联合与教师之间的合作关系而有效地组织并支持改革。     

Estimation of body density based on hydrostatic weighing without head submersion in young Japanese adults

This study examined a method of predicting body density based on hydrostatic weighing without head submersion (HWwithoutHS). Donnelly and Sintek (1984) developed a method to predict body density based on hydrostatic weight without head submersion. This method predicts the difference (D) between HWwithoutHS and hydrostatic weight with head submersion (HWwithHS) from anthropometric variables (head length and head width), and then calculates body density using D as a correction factor. We developed several prediction equations to estimate D based on head anthropometry and differences between the sexes, and compared their prediction accuracy with Donnelly and Sintek's equation. Thirty-two males and 32 females aged 17-26 years participated in the study. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to obtain the prediction equations, and the systematic errors of their predictions were assessed by Bland-Altman plots. The best prediction equations obtained were: Males: D(g) = -164.12X1 - 125.81X2 - 111.03X3 + 100.66X4 + 6488.63, where X1 = head length (cm), X2 = head circumference (cm), X3 = head breadth (cm), X4 = head thickness (cm) (R = 0.858, R2 = 0.737, adjusted R2 = 0.687, standard error of the estimate = 224.1); Females: D(g) = -156.03X1 - 14.03X2 - 38.45X3 - 8.87X4 + 7852.45, where X1 = head circumference (cm), X2 = body mass (g), X3 = head length (cm), X4 = height (cm) (R = 0.913, R2 = 0.833, adjusted R2 = 0.808, standard error of the estimate = 137.7). The effective predictors in these prediction equations differed from those of Donnelly and Sintek's equation, and head circumference and head length were included in both equations. The prediction accuracy was improved by statistically selecting effective predictors. Since we did not assess cross-validity, the equations cannot be used to generalize to other populations, and further investigation is required.     

Service quality,satisfaction, and behavioral intention in a triathlon event: the different experiences between local and non-local participants

ABSTRACT

Understanding the different experiences between local and non-local participants may help event organizers implement diverse marketing strategies for each segment, which could efficiently improve participants’ experiences of the event. However, little research has compared the experiences between local and non-local participants in sport event settings. This study compares the differences between local and non-local participants in their perceived service quality of a triathlon event, examines the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intention, and explores the role of participants’ residence status in these relationships. Data were collected from participants (N?=?289) in a triathlon event held in Japan. The results indicate that local participants evaluated all service quality dimensions more positively than non-local participants. The course, ambience, achievement, and escape had positive effects on satisfaction, satisfaction had an extensively positive effect on behavioral intention, and the effect of escape on satisfaction differed between local and non-local participants. Our findings identify how local and non-local participants evaluate their event experiences differently and provide practical implications for event organizers.     

The reliability of accelerometry to measure weightlifting performance

The purposes of the study were to track weightlifters' barbell acceleration with a portable accelerometer over three training sessions to examine test–retest reliability and to compare peak barbell acceleration at different training intensities. Twelve nationally ranked weightlifters volunteered for this study. The portable accelerometer was attached to the right side of the barbell to measure barbell resultant acceleration during the snatch lift at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. The data were collected over three training sessions at intensity levels of 80%, 85%, and 90% of one repetition maximum. The data were analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the three training sessions and one-way repeated measure ANOVA to compare the difference in peak barbell acceleration at three intensities. Results showed that the device was highly reliable with an ICC of 0.88 and 95% confidence interval of 0.81–0.93. There were significant differences in peak barbell acceleration at various lifting intensities, indicating a decline of the acceleration as the mass of the barbell became heavier. The portable accelerometer seems useful in measuring barbell acceleration data, which can be analyzed in future studies to monitor a weightlifter's performance in a practical setting instead of testing at a laboratory.     

荀子生平事迹新考

"叙述荀子生平"一事,始终要靠当代学者对历史资料的诠释和建构故事的一种"构想力"。在文献资料非常限制之情况下,勾勒出荀子的生平大概如下:荀子大约在公元前316年出生于赵国。他年轻时曾到齐国,当时应是15岁左右。荀子在稷下学宫研瓒到30岁左右,燕国战胜齐国迫使荀子离开齐都临淄,并在前286年到前278年间居留于楚国。后来秦军攻进楚国都郢城,齐襄王夺回临淄的事件让荀子回到稷下学宫,在这时期三度被任命为祭酒。在前265年,赵国由孝成王继位,应侯范雎在秦国掌政,荀子应该在这一年到前262年之间曾拜见他们以及秦昭王,此时也是秦赵争霸最后交锋的前夕。256年楚国灭鲁,荀子接受楚国春申君的邀请,接任兰陵令。我们无法确定前238年他被解任前是否曾一度离职赴赵国,但他在卸任后继续居住在兰陵直到去世。如果说荀子是在前237到前235年间去世的话,他的年纪应该是70岁后半到80岁。     

International trends in health science librarianship part 11: Japan and Korea

This is the 11th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship. The previous article in this series looked at the Far East (Greater China, Hong Kong and Taiwan). The current issue surveys developments in Japan and Korea. The next issue will explore trends in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka). Next year all four issues will be devoted to trends in four regions in Africa (Southern Africa, East Africa, West Africa and North Africa. JM     

Between the remnants of colonialism and the insurgence of self-narrative in constructing participatory social maps: towards a land education methodology

This article summarizes a social mapping project conducted by the Environmental Education, Communication and Arts Research Group from the Federal University of Mato Grosso. The primary goals of the project were to map the vulnerable social groups of Mato Grosso, and identify the social and environmental conflicts that put them in situations of risk. The conflicts and dilemmas these groups experience are typically caused by land and water disputes. In turn, the disputes can be traced to the continuance of colonialist forms of political, economic and ecological relations implicit in the prevailing model of development in the region. Supported by the reinvention and application of a new methodology for environmental education, namely the social map, the work illustrates the significance of group identities, self-narratives and interpretive frames, and discusses how social mapping might be used in land education to enable the construction of participatory forms of public policy.     

The effects of different initial restrictive pressures used to reduce blood flow and thigh composition on tissue oxygenation of the quadriceps

Blood flow restriction training technique can be affected by several factors resulting in changes in responses to training; therefore it is necessary to investigate and reveal detailed information about this novel training technique. Participants had their thigh size, thickness of subcutaneous fat, and regional bone free muscle mass measured prior to testing. A Near-Infrared Spectrometer was used to measure tissue oxygenation and a cardiovascular profiling system was utilised to measure stroke volume and heart rate. Initial restrictive pressure of 30, 50, and 70 mmHg were set in random order on three separate days, and then six target pressures were sequentially applied. Tissue oxygenation decreased significantly as both initial restrictive pressure and target pressures increased, but the magnitude of decreases was stronger with higher initial restrictive pressure. There were significant negative correlations between tissue oxygenation and leg lean body mass, total lean body mass, and thigh circumference when initial restrictive pressure was set at 30 mmHg. The findings indicated that changes in initial restrictive pressure affected the amount of venous return verified by the decreases in tissue oxygenation and stroke volume. In addition, thigh composition and size had a significant impact on the effects of initial restrictive pressure.     

The Experiences of African American Physical Education Teacher Candidates at Secondary Urban Schools

Presently, most physical education teachers in the United States are White Americans and from middle class families. In fact, 83 % of all teachers in public schools are White Americans, whereas approximately 10 % of all African American teachers are representative of all teachers in the United States. A student might feel cultural dissonance that she or he is behaving appropriately based on the student’s cultural norm and upbringing, but the teachers who have different cultural and ethnic backgrounds than the students may inappropriately interpret or respond to the behavior. Therefore, it is important to study African American pre-service physical education teachers’ student teaching and field-based experiences with ethnically diverse adolescence (e.g., African American students), because they have the potential to develop a positive relationship between school support, teacher support, and academic achievement and influence student learning, motivation, and engagement in physical education. The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the experiences of African American physical education teacher education (PETE) candidates at secondary urban schools. The research design was explanatory multiple-case study situated in activity theory. Participants were seven African American PETE candidates. The qualitative data sources were interviews, weekly journal reflections, and e-portfolios. The results were (a) navigating power relationships between cooperative teachers and students, (b) a ‘shocking’ experience: Feeling under-prepared, and (c) encountered cultural normalcies and stereotypes in teaching physical education. PETE programs must better prepare teacher candidates for working in urban schools with greater cultural competence and higher self-efficacy.