日本学前教育的新构想

长期以来,日本的学前教育主要是由具备不同职能的保育所和幼稚园来承担.两者最大的区别在于保育所是由厚生劳动省管辖的儿童福利机构,主要负责为有工作的监护入托管照顾幼儿;幼稚园则是由文部科学省管辖的学前教育机构,主要对幼儿进行学前教育.针对这样一种不合理的管理方式,日本社会一直以来都存有争议,要求行政一体化、设施一体化的改革呼声也此起彼伏.1980年代后半期至1990年代前半期出现了向行政一体化和设施一体化的转化契机.这一契机出现的原因一是出生率的下降,二是适龄待入保育所的儿童数量的增加.日本政府为此出台了相应的政策和措施,但是由于多方面的原因,特别是在当今日本政局不稳定的背景之下,其实施起来还具有一定的难度.本文对保育所和幼稚园的历史发展脉络进行了梳理,对日本学前教育制度改革的两个转化契机进行了阐释,并以此为基础,描述了幼保一体化的动向以及综合设施(暂称)创办的历程、具体构想及其希望达到的目标,并对综合设施(暂称)的组织结构与具体制度进行了阐述.     

Problems on primary school-based in-service training in Vietnam: A case study of Bac Giang province

In Vietnam, despite the introduction of a new curriculum based on a child-centred education approach, there exist many problems and challenges in the educational process. To overcome these problems, the Vietnamese and Japanese governments have been conducting an in-service teacher-training programme, including school-based observation and reflection of lessons as a major activity. This study investigates the problems encountered in these schools. The results reveal that (1) the lesson is extremely fast-paced, (2) teachers tend to evaluate their colleagues and students, (3) teachers need to learn about how to learn and (4) promoting dialogue among teachers is considerably challenging.     

从“科学之科学”到“政策之科学”

由于纵观科学结构的所谓“科学之科学”（Science of Science）正转向“科学政策之科学”（Science of Policy）的新方向,为此可以认为,纵观科学结构的科学地图（science map）将移向科学结构中包含的纵览政策的政策地图（policy map）方向。在此背景下,基于科学根据（evidence）的政策制定可以确保其透明性。文章通过应用日本科学技术振兴机构（简称JST）构建的专利和论文整合检索系统（PATLISYS—J）,介绍世界科学结构的可视化,以及将任意研究者详细分析等进行可视化的方法。     

日本大阪综合保育大学融合理论与实践的教师培养改革探索

针对当前日本教师缺乏"实践指导能力"的现状,以培养保育员、幼儿园教师与小学教师为主的大阪综合保育大学致力于理论与实践相融合的教师培养模式改革,其教育课程主要分为以培养具有丰富人性的教育者为目的的"基础科目"和以培养实践指导能力为目的的"学科科目"两大类。一至四年级的系统实习指导体制是其教育课程编制的轴心,其中最具特色的是每个学生"与孩子共度1700个小时的体验实习计划"与由专职教师每周指导实习学生一次、学生每周必须提交"体验实习日志"用于交流讨论的专题研讨会。同时学校还为每位学生建立了"个人学习档案卡",根据学生的资质能力提供在校的学习指导以及毕业后的择业帮助。     

运动员与球员组织的全球化发展趋势——以国际职业足球运动员联盟（FIFPro）为例

结合运动员的工会组织全球化的趋势背景,以最早成立的全球化的运动员工会代表组织——国际职业足球运动员联盟（FIFPro）为中心,从1965年的早期着手开始,到近期的全球足球运动员工会成立,介绍该组织的历史以及在足球领域的立法和司法工作内容,并阐述超越体育运动框架的工会组织全球化的尝试以及今后的展望.     

Adoption of structured abstracts by general medical journals and format for a structured abstract.

BACKGROUND: The use of a structured abstract has been recommended in reporting medical literature to quickly convey necessary information to editors and readers. The use of structured abstracts increased during the mid-1990s; however, recent practice has yet to be analyzed. OBJECTIVES: This article explored actual reporting patterns of abstracts recently published in selected medical journals and examined what these journals required of abstracts (structured or otherwise and, if structured, which format). METHODS: The top thirty journals according to impact factors noted in the "Medicine, General and Internal" category of the ISI Journal Citation Reports (2000) were sampled. Articles of original contributions published by each journal in January 2001 were examined. Cluster analysis was performed to classify the patterns of structured abstracts objectively. Journals' instructions to authors for writing an article abstract were also examined. RESULTS: Among 304 original articles that included abstracts, 188 (61.8%) had structured and 116 (38.2%) had unstructured abstracts. One hundred twenty-five (66.5%) of the abstracts used the introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD) format, and 63 (33.5%) used the 8-heading format proposed by Haynes et al. Twenty-one journals requested structured abstracts in their instructions to authors; 8 journals requested the 8-heading format; and 1 journal requested it only for intervention studies. CONCLUSIONS: Even in recent years, not all abstracts of original articles are structured. The eight-heading format was neither commonly used in actual reporting patterns nor noted in journal instructions to authors.     

Why Change Names? On the Translation of Children's Books

Translation of a literary work is never an automatic process but always poses many problems caused by the differences between two linguistic and cultural systems. The difficulty seems to be enhanced if the work to be translated is for children who have little knowledge about the culture from which the text originates. At least, that must be the idea behind the practice of replacing foreign names with familiar ones, a practice still common in English and German translations. The present argument is that this change not only shows a lack of respect toward other cultures but also deprives child readers of the chance to realize the wealth of cultural diversity that surrounds them.     

老年体质的异质性及生命历程中累积的影响

人的体质异质性是客观存在的,它是生物学因素以及社会学因素作用的结果。生命历程中的许多事件对体质产生正或负的效应,这些效应不断累积叠加,加大了体质的异质性分化。老年期则是众多事件累积性效应的集大成阶段,同时也是成年之后体质异质性分化程度最高的时期。在人生历程中重大生活事件以及个人的能动性对体质的影响最为重要,因此加强与体质有关事件的干预以及调动人的主观能动性是提高体质水平、保证进入老年期后有一个较高体质平台的有效措施。     

公立图书馆在美国全境服务的实现过程

为所有居民服务既是公立图书馆的原则,也是公立图书馆的理想,这个宗旨如何在美国实现,作者对此详细观察并深入分析其历史过程。尤其重视关注1960年美国公立图书馆行业对于为所有居民服务的思想认识变化过程。     

A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Foreign‐Language Vocabulary Learning Enhanced by Phonological Rehearsal: The Role of the Right Cerebellum and Left Fusiform Gyrus

Psychological research suggests that foreign‐language vocabulary acquisition recruits the phonological loop for verbal working memory. To depict the neural underpinnings and shed light on the process of foreign language learning, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging of Japanese participants without previous exposure to the Uzbek language using learning of novel Uzbek words. During encoding, spoken Uzbek words and corresponding visual objects were shown, and subjects either overtly repeated the words (phonological rehearsal) or overtly rehearsed numbers (phonological suppression). Phonological rehearsal improved the encoding performance. A learning‐related decrease in rehearsal‐specific activation was found in the left fusiform gyrus, right inferior temporal gyrus, and right cerebellum. Recollection of the phonologically rehearsed words activated the right cerebellum and left fusiform gyrus more prominently than recollection of the phonologically suppressed words in a performance‐dependent manner. The phonological loop might provide the temporal and fragile registration of the articulatory pattern that is converted into a more durable form in the right cerebellum, which is in turn integrated with the object information in the fusiform gyrus.