Auswertung von elektromyographischen Signalen zur Steuerung von Exoskeletten

Diese Arbeit stellt ein Modell und ein System zur Steuerung von Exoskeletten mit Hilfe von elektrischen Signalen vor, die an den Muskeln des Benutzers gemessen werden. Anhand dieser Signale wird der eigene Drehmomentbeitrag des Benutzer zur gewünschten Bewegung abgesch?tzt, und ein einstellbarer Faktor bestimmt das vom Exoskelett hinzugefügte Drehmoment in Bezug auf den Beitrag des Benutzers. Die Signale werden durch ein komplexes biomechanisches Modell ausgewertet.     

Sind die bildungswissenschaftlichen Standards für die Lehramtsausbildung in den Curricula der Hochschulen angekommen?

During the Bologna reforms, the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs (abbr.: Standing Conference) formulated education standards for higher education teacher training programmes (KMK 2004a) in the areas of teaching, educating, diagnostics, and innovation. Currently there is very little research on the extent to which these education standards are reflected in the teacher training curriculums at universities. This contribution analyses the course regulations, module handbooks, and exam regulations for teacher training programmes at 16 universities for the inclusion of content required by the education standards. The document analysis shows that a large proportion of the education standards introduced by the Standing Conference (KMK 2004a) are not considered by the curriculums of many universities.     

How aggression-related mindsets explain SES-differences in bullying behavior

Previous research suggests that lower socioeconomic status (SES) adolescents bully more than their higher-SES peers. This paper tests whether aggression-related mindsets, defined as mindsets that theoretically influence aggressive behavior, explain the relationship between SES and bullying engagement among adolescents. Using a large and diverse dataset of survey responses from secondary students in the U.S. (N = 146,044 students, 30% White, 70% students of color from 5^th-12^th grade), this study applies structural regression modeling with complex survey data analysis. Results suggest that differences in aggression-related mindsets, including feelings of academic efficacy, feelings of purpose, global self-esteem, academic-status insecurity, school-related anger, and school-related happiness account for almost half of the relationship between SES and bullying. Students’ school-related anger is the strongest direct predictor of bullying (0.88 standard deviation), which suggests that strategies to reduce adolescent bullying are more effective if they teach anger-reducing skills or eliminate the root causes of students’ school-related anger.     

The Ghost in the Touchscreen: Social Scaffolds Promote Learning by Toddlers

This study examined the effect of a “ghost” demonstration on toddlers’ imitation. In the ghost condition, virtual pieces moved to make a fish or boat puzzle. Fifty‐two 2.5‐ and 3‐year‐olds were tested on a touchscreen (no transfer) or with 3D pieces (transfer); children tested with 3D pieces scored above a no demonstration baseline, but children tested on the touchscreen did not. Practice on the touchscreen (n = 23) by 2.5‐ and 3‐year‐olds prior to the ghost demonstration did not improve performance. Finally, children who learned the puzzle task via a social demonstration and were tested on the touchscreen (n = 26) performed better than the ghost conditions. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that social demonstrations enhance learning from novel touchscreen tools during early childhood.     

Student transition from primary to lower secondary school in Cambodia: Narrative insights into complex systems

This article has three purposes. First, it presents findings from a study of student retention and dropout in Cambodia, as pupils transition from primary to lower secondary school. Second, it aims to understand from an in-depth, emic perspective the dynamics of this process and the challenges that individual families and their students face around this transition. Third, it offers policy-relevant suggestions for addressing obstacles to students continuing in school. It meets these goals by combining complexity theory with the use of narrative research methods in interviews with student-parent pairs in urban, rural, and remote communities in Cambodia.     

Lessons on and from the dihybrid cross: An activity–theoretical study of learning in coteaching

During their training, future teachers usually learn the subject matter of science. However, they are largely left on their own when it comes to figuring out how to teach this subject matter, that is, how to find appropriate pedagogical forms. In this article we present a model of collective teaching and learning, which we term coteaching/cogenerative dialoguing, as a way to build deep learning of science concepts while learning about alternative ways to teach the same subject matter. As praxis, coteaching brings about a unity between teaching and learning to teach; cogenerative dialoguing brings about a unity between teaching and researching. Both are potential sites for deep learning. We articulate coteaching/cogenerative dialoguing in terms of activity theory and the associated first‐person research methodology that has been developed by critical psychologists as a method of choice for dealing with the theory–praxis gap. Our detailed case study highlights opportunities of learning subject matter and pedagogy by university professors who participate in coteaching/cogenerative dialoguing in an urban high school. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 253–282, 2002     

Contradictory Views of the Nature of Science Held by a Brazilian Secondary School Physics Teacher: Educational Value of Interviews

This paper discusses the bases of a secondary physics teacher’s contradictory conceptions of the nature of science. The data were obtained from a series of four interviews and three months of classroom observation. One of the interviews, a group interview (having as interviewees the subject of this study and four other experienced physics’ teachers), has been shown to be a very powerful way of challenging the teacher’s views, of making him reflect about his ideas, and at the same time of reducing the risk of the interviewer suggesting particular ideas. An analogy to Piaget’s (1929) early methodology supplied a framework with which to categorise the interviewee’s replies. This categorisation has provided information about the bases that underpin the teacher’s different and conflicting views on the nature of science. Résumé Cet article analyse les fondements des conceptions contradictoires d’un professeur de physique de Iycée sur la nature de la science. Les donn?es ont été tirées d’une série de quatre entretiens et de trois mois d’observation en classe. L’un des modes d’entretiens, celui en groupe, au cours duquel les questions ont été posées au professeur sujet de cette étude ainsi qu’à quatre autres professeurs de physique expérimentés, s’est révélé être un moyen très puissant de remettre en question les opinions du professeur, de le faire réfléchir sur ses idées et, en même temps, de réduire le risque lié au fait que celui qui mène l’entretien peut induire des biais. Une analogie avec une des premières méthodologies de Piaget (1929) a permis d’établir une grille qui a servi à classer les réponses des professeurs. Cette classification a fourni des informations qui sont à la base des différences et des contradictions de vue des enseignants sur la nature de la science.     

How learning conditions and Program structure predict burnout and satisfaction in teacher education

To support prospective teachers’ professional development, teacher education should be characterised by conditions that help to prevent burnout and facilitate satisfaction. This study investigates predictors of burnout and satisfaction in teacher education by drawing on universities with different teacher education programme structures and assumed different learning conditions. Programme structure and student characteristics were conceived as antecedents of perceived learning conditions; burnout dimensions and student satisfaction were hypothesised to be consequences of both the distal and more proximal variables. Data were collected at four time points from N = 3,892 students enrolled in teacher education at 13 universities. Structural equation modelling revealed favourable effects of autonomy support, competence support, and social relatedness on the core burnout dimensions and satisfaction. Effects of programme structure on these outcomes were small and mediated by autonomy support and difficulty of demands. Study self-efficacy emerged as a broad personal resource. Implications for teacher education are discussed.     

Die Bedeutung signifikanter Anderer für eine Erklärung sozial differenzierter Bildungsaspirationen

The Wisconsin Model of Status Attainment (WSC) predicts that students’ socially differentiated aspirations can be explained by differences in their school performance and the aspirations and expectations of their social environment. The appropriateness of these assumptions has been called into doubt for highly stratified secondary level educational systems such as the German one. Using data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), with grade 5 as the starting cohort, the relationship between parents’ social class position, the school performance, achievement expectations of teachers and other pupils, aspirations of friends, educational expectations of parents, and the educational aspirations of 4896 learners were analyzed. The results of the conditional logistic regression analysis confirmed the assumptions derived from theory. Social differences in the educational aspirations of learners can be partially explained by differences in their school performance and fully explained by the influences of their reference group, in particular, those of their parents.     

Airblast avoidance learning sets in rhesus monkeys

Five rhesus monkeys were tested across a series of object discrimination problems requiring avoidance of noxious pressurized air. Each S displayed a progressive reduction in the number of trials to reach criterion on particular problems, eventually achieving 82% and 88% correct performance on Trials 2–6 and Trial 6. respectively. Certain error factors also appearing in appetitive discrimination learning set research (stimulus perseveration and differential cue) were identified, as well as a factor of relative unimportance in appetitive set (positional responding). A most persistent appetitive error factor presumably reflecting a tendency to explore the unchosen object (response shift) did not appear. In addition, the results extend the effectiveness of aversive airblasts to a relatively complex discrimination task.