Determinants of possession of the ball in soccer

In research on the importance of the possession of the ball in soccer, little attention has been paid to its determinants. Using data from 170 matches of the 2003 - 2004 Spanish Soccer League, we explain why differences in the possession of the ball among teams are so great. In particular, four variables are examined: evolving match status (i.e. whether the team is winning, losing or drawing), venue (i.e. playing at home or away), and the identities of the team and the opponent in each match. Results of linear regression analysis show that these four variables are statistically significant and together explain most of the variance in possession. In short, home teams have more possession than away teams, teams have more possession when they are losing matches than when winning or drawing, and the identity of the opponent matters - the worse the opponent, the greater the possession of the ball. Combinations of these variables could be used to develop a model that predicts possession in soccer.     

和谐社会构建与高等教育的科学发展

和谐社会理论赋予高等教育以全新内涵,并指导其和谐发展。和谐社会的构建离不开高等教育的支撑,而高等教育也急需反思自身的种种不和谐。高教改革中矛盾冲突不断,影响高等教育的进一步发展。落实以人为本的科学发展观,创造和谐的高等教育新局面,是构建和谐社会的内在要求。     

环境规制对企业全要素生产率的影响机制研究

在经济新常态下,经济发展与环境保护之间的关系,成为政府和学界关注的热点话题。本文利用省级层面的环境规制数据和微观层面的中国工业企业数据,实证检验了中国地区环境规制强度对企业全要素生产率的影响及其机制。研究发现,地区环境规制强度与企业全要素生产率之间存在倒U型关系,即随着环境规制强度的提高,企业全要素生产率会逐渐提高,但环境规制强度提高到一定程度后,企业的全要素生产率会下降。研究进一步发现,适宜的环境规制强度能激发企业的"创新补偿效应",从而不断弥补创新的"遵循成本",提高企业的全要素生产率。本文使用了不同的环境规制强度指标,进行了稳健性检验,并用环保人数作为环境规制强度的工具变量来克服可能存在的内生性问题。研究结果表明,实施严格且适宜的环境规制可以实现环境保护和生产率提高的"双赢"结果。     

Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in competitive sport

Researchers have postulated that hope may be an important factor associated with burnout. Consistent with hope theory contentions, low-hope individuals may be susceptible to burnout because they are prone to experience goal blockage, frustration, and negative affect, all of which likely increase the risk of burnout. We examined the relationship between hope and athlete burnout among 178 competitive athletes (63 females and 115 males) aged 15-20 years. Hope was significantly and negatively correlated with all three burnout subscales: emotional/physical exhaustion, a reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation. Moreover, results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that low-hope athletes scored significantly higher than medium- and high-hope athletes on all three burnout dimensions. Finally, results revealed that agency thinking was a significant predictor of all burnout dimensions. Frustration over unmet goals and a perceived lack of agency, a characteristic of low-hope athletes, might pose a risk factor in athlete burnout, whereas being able to maintain hope appears to be associated with health and well-being.     

Die Bedeutung striataler Plastizitätsvorgänge und unerwarteten Bewegungserfolgs für sportmotorisches Lernen

The cortico-basal ganglia loops play an important role in the organization of human motor function. This article presents findings and thoughts according to which plasticity processes in these cortico-striatal loops and in the striatum mediate long-lasting reorganization of cortical motor representations and possess relevance for sport-specific motor activity. The correlations described point to the great significance of unexpected success of motor activity for motor learning processes.     

我国2000-2009年有关武术散打教学科研文献的统计分析

文章运用文献资料法、文献统计等研究方法对2000-2009年10年间的武术散打教学科研方面的文献成果进行了统计,从我国散打教学科研文献的数量、年代分布、研究方向、发布源和研究群分布及研究文献合著情况进行分析研究,结合当前散打教学研究存在的一些问题提出自己的见解,力争为武术散打更好地发展提供一定的理论参考依据。     

基于擂台赛法则和聚集密度的多目标进化算法

多目标进化算法有两个重要研究内容：最优解集的构造和解的分布性。用擂台赛法则构造非支配集具有较高的效率,而聚集密度方法既能从宏观上刻画群体的多样性与分布性,同时也比较好地刻画了个体之间的内在关系。将聚集密度技术引入基于擂台赛法则的多目标进化算法。数值计算表明,这种新的算法既保持了擂台赛法则较高的运行速度,又改善了群体的分布度,提高了种群的多样性,避免了过早收敛于局部最优解的现象。     

Comprehensive evaluation of player-surface interaction on artificial soccer turf

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the traction characteristics of four different stud configurations on Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 2-Star, third-generation artificial soccer turf. The investigated stud configurations were hard ground design, firm ground design, soft ground design, and an experimental prototype. The concept of this study combines performance, perception, biomechanical, and mechanical testing procedures. Twenty-five soccer players took part in the different testing procedures. Variables of this study were: running times, subjective rankings/ratings, ground reaction forces, and mechanical traction properties. Statistical discrimination between the four stud configurations was shown for performance, perception, and biomechanical testing (p < 0.05). Unsuited stud configurations for playing on artificial turf are characterized by less plain distributed and pronounced studs.     

浅议小学生阅读能力的培养

让孩子从课外阅读中吸取精粹是家长和老师共同关心的永恒的话题，在这个话题下，文章的观点是让老师和家长一起努力调动所有能调动的一切积极因素，充分发挥孩子认知中的主动性和创造性，利用孩子好奇的心理，使孩子对课外阅读产生一种妙趣横生的感觉。引导孩子有选择的读书，把阅读变成一个快乐与享受的过程，在这个愉快的过程中不断提高自己学习的水平和能力。