科学博物馆与科学中心——发展历史及其根源①

本文以科学博物馆和科学中心的发展阶段为线索,综述了几个世纪以来科学传播的历史发展,阐述了科学实践如何嵌入到博物馆的展览实践之中并从中发展起来,以及关于科学在社会中的地位的观念变化如何在科学博物馆和科学中心得到反映,还展现了日益受到关注的科学传播如何在科学博物馆和科学中心层面体现出以公众需求为本。     

赋权少数族裔学生：一个干预框架

吉姆康明斯提出了一个理论框架来分析少数族裔学生学业失败的原因，以及之前曾尝试过的，诸如补偿教育和双语教育这样的教育改革相对缺乏成功的原因。这些尝试之所以没有成功是因为教育者和少数族裔学生之间的关系以及学校和少数族裔社区的关系都没有得到显著的改变。研究旨在为教育者提供一些改变这些关系，从而赋权学生，使得学生在学业上取得成功的方法。     

抑制机制发展:认知发展研究的新视野

过去的认知和认知发展研究偏重于对激活过程的考察，随着当前认知科学和神经科学的进一步发展，从新的角度在更高的层次重新触发了人们对认知抑制及其发展机制的兴趣，使之成为国际认知和认知发展领域正在迅速崛起的一个重要课题。从无意向抑制和有意抑制两个方面的介绍可了解认知和认知发展领域近期关于抑制及其发展研究的状况和进展。     

中欧体育健康项目“健康儿童?健康社会”研究

“健康儿童?健康社会”（HCSC）是在欧盟体育健康发展准则下,构建由家庭、学校、体育组织、地区政府等诸多部门组成的复合体系,通过降低BMI值减少超重,改善运动能力,进而提高个人生活质量。主要通过对HCSC项目的历史发展进行论述,对HCSC的核心理念、组织构架、运作模式3方面进行剖析,并以中国实验学校为例,对实验干预前后学生的身体健康指标进行对比分析,旨为国内相关领域研究抛砖引玉。     

Pupil Speech during Morning News: the effects of reducing teacher questions and increasing pauses and praise

Classroom discourse patterns were examined in the morning news sessions of a primary school classroom. The effects of reducing teacher questions and increasing rates of teacher pauses, praise and directives were investigated. Child words spoken and child expansions were recorded, as well as class call‐outs and teacher control statements. Frequencies of child words spoken showed no significant changes across the phases of the study. However, reducing teacher questions and increasing teacher pauses significantly decreased child expansions, while reducing teacher questions and increasing teacher praise significantly increased child expansions. Replacing teacher questions with directives had no significant effect upon child expansions. Class call‐outs and teacher control statements showed no significant changes across the intervention phases. The results of this study suggest that, for this teacher and class, teacher questions may be decreased without adversely affecting either child utterances or class behaviour, and that replacing questions with praise may increase children's contributions — particularly in the form of verbal expansions — to morning news talks.