Photoresists for microlithography

Characteristics of photoresists used in microlithography are highlighted. The microstructure of the matrix polymer used in these photoresists is critical for ensuring good lithographic performance and the same can be evaluated by using modern NMR spectroscopic techniques. It is now well-known that highly ordered ‘alternate’ and ‘semi-alternate’ tailor-made novolaks lead to better performing photoresists.     

王国维“学术独立”论探析——兼与杜卫先生商榷

有学者认为 ,王国维“学术独立”论与人生价值论密切相关 ,其实 ,王国维“学术独立”论的深层内涵在于排除学术研究中的价值优先的“非学术”倾向。由王国维对“学术”的理解入手 ,从学问独立、学者独立、方法独立三方面可以说明王国维“学术独立”论的主旨 ,从而也可以看到王国维学术独立思想对中国现代学术启蒙的意义及其现实意义     

Towards a model of rehabilitation

This article describes, and argues for an integration of behavioural methods to deal with a wide range of persons suffering from disabilities regardless of age.Practitioners require simple straightforward practical and effective strategies, which can help them to select appropriate social, behavioural, and educational strategies along with effective programme components. These are relevant to those who suffer from a wide range of disabilities, including those relating to aging, emotional disorders, physical and mental handicaps. Such an integrated model has relevance to work with families. They, too, are affected by the stresses of disability, and are susceptible to behavioural dysfunction. A number of examples are provided which addresses aspects of behavioural intervention and counselling. The behavioural strategies and attitudes of staff are examined, along with the degrees of structure required in effective rehabilitation counselling, including the processes of empowerment and consumer control.This paper arises from a presentation by the authors at IRTAC Vienna, 1987, and is based in part on Behavioural and Social Rehabilitation and Training by Brown, R.I. and Hughson, E.A., published by Wiley, Chichester, 1987. We are grateful to Wiley for their permission to use Figure 1 from this book.     

论村民自治权与国家行政权

国家行政权与村民自治权具有不可替代性。应当明确政务与村务的划分，而不应当由管理村务的村民委员会代行政务。这两种机构，其性质不同，权力的来源不同，权力运作的方式不同，权力行使的保障不同，权力制约的机制不同，权力使用的法律救济方式不同，费用负担不同。在精简乡镇政府机构及人员的基础上，设立乡镇政府派出机构，在乡镇的现有人员中选派派出机构人员，不增加人员，经费由原乡镇部分经费负担，不增加国家的农民的负担，而村务则由现在的村民委员会行使。     

In the crucible of change: Bailey,Britain and the post-war Olympic Games

The paper examines the significance of British print media discourses surrounding the participation of Britain at both the 1948 and 1952 Olympics as well as former black British and Trinidad sprint champion, McDonald Bailey, who represented Britain at both Games. Based on textual analysis, it is argued that the print media discourses surrounding the Games and Bailey formed part of a much broader discourse concerning nationalism and national identity in post-war Britain which served to underline the role of sport as an invented tradition in shaping the construction of identities. Relatedly, the staging of the 1948 games in London had formed a critical part of the process of British reconstruction and renewal after the war not just in sport, but in society as a whole, which was intimately bound up with concerns over its pride, prestige and declining power in the world.     

Boudon,Realism, and the Cognitive Habitus: Why an Explanation of Inequality / Difference Cannot be Limited to a Model of Secondary Effects

Boudon has distinguished between the primary and secondary effects of socialization as a cause of social disparities in education. His explanation of secondary effects, which rests on an analysis of decision-making within opportunity cost constraints, has attracted support from realist sociologists. The empirical evidence, however, suggests that primary effects, largely the result of cognitive socialization in early childhood, may be a more important source of variance than Boudon recognizes. Some implications of this for a general theory of inequality/difference are examined with reference to the character of social explanation and in the context of the realist discussion on the structure-agency problem.     

以终身体育思想作为学校体育主导思想的研究

人们追求健康长寿，改善生活方式，提高生活质量的主体需要是终身体育产生与发展的主要原因。学校体育领域贯彻终身体育的指导思想，体现了以培养学生终身参与体育活动的能力和习惯为主导的思想。终身体育思想是统领学校体育其它指导思想的最佳选择；以终身体育思想作为学校体育改革与发展的主导思想，这是学校体育观念演变的必然，也是推进学校体育改革和全民健身的现实需要。     

早期中西交流中的华文报纸——以循环日报为例

在近代中国与西方世界接触的早期，华报纸对中西沟通的作用不可忽视。以《循环日报》为例，它以“通外情，广见闻”为己任，致力干传播和普及西方知识，推介西方自然科学和社会科学成就，反映世界大势和时局变化，鼓吹学习西方，变法图强，对开通民智、促进中西化交流产生了积极的影响。