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Hearing “Quack” and Remembering A Duck: Evidence for Fluency Attribution in Young Children 下载免费PDF全文
Previous research has suggested that fluency does not influence memory decisions until ages 7–8. In two experiments (n = 96 and n = 64, respectively), children, aged 4, 6, and 8 years (Experiments 1 and 2), and adults (Experiment 2) studied a list of pictures. Participants completed a recognition test during which each study item was preceded by a sound providing either a highly predictive or mildly predictive context in order to make some test items more conceptually fluent. Overall, highly predictive items were recognized at a higher rate than mildly predictive items demonstrating an earlier development of the fluency heuristic than previously observed. The study provides insight into how children develop metacognitive expectations and when they start to use them to guide their memory responses. 相似文献
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D. Lloyd‐Kolkin 《Learning, Media and Technology》1981,7(3):90-92
A major investment in educational television programmes by the federal government led the United States Department of Education to seek ways to extend the audience size for these programmes beyond public television by placing them on commercial broadcast stations in America. This article describes the programmes, the marketing organization and strategies used to promote programming to the commercial marketplace, and the successes achieved in persuading commercial broadcasters to accept educational children's programming, particularly programmes aimed at minority audiences. 相似文献
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Kindergarten, third-grade, and sixth-grade children were told 2 stories about a group of children who made artwork that was subsequently sold at a craft fair. The characters in one story were described as friends, while the characters in the other story were described as strangers (relationship condition). 1 character in each story was presented as the oldest in the group, 1 as the most productive, and 1 as the poorest. Children were asked to allocate 9 dollars to the 3 characters under each relationship condition, provide rationales for those allocations, and rate the fairness of 4 different patterns of allocation. Older children allocated more money to needy friends than to needy strangers and more to productive strangers than to productive friends. Kindergartners' allocations and fairness ratings did not vary with relationship. Rationales for allocation judgements suggested that equality was the most salient principle for decisions at all ages, but the older children provided rationales based on benevolence more often than younger children when characters were presented as friends. 相似文献
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Lloyd Price 《Cultural and Social History》2017,14(2):201-217
During the nineteenth century, the British Raj launched a campaign to reduce the number of people killed annually by venomous snakes on the Indian subcontinent. Unlike its successful effort to cull large mammals, the colonial government was forced to abolish its bounty scheme in 1890 and instead seek to use sanitation to reduce interactions between humans and snakes. This article will assess this transition in policy as a means to understand how attitudes towards the governance of animals were shaped by cultural and ecological factors. It will be shown that during its inception, discourses of scientific governance statistically augmented perceptions of the threat posed by snakes, presenting them as a direct yet manageable danger within an anthropocentric cultural model. However, financial and practical limitations forced the government to recognise that the behaviour, seasonal patterns and territorial movements of snakes influenced the rate of mortality, and thus adjust its policy to acknowledge the experience of cohabitation in India’s diverse ecological contexts. 相似文献
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This article is a response to Frank Coffield's recent reflections in this journal on the Performance and Innovation Unit's project on workforce development in Britain. It questions the extent to which the PIU's findings represent a ‘new understanding’ of the UK's skills problem and asks why academics have been so reluctant to spell out what a demand‐side strategy for tackling the problem would involve. 相似文献
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Describing the plastic deformation of aluminium softball bats 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Hollow aluminium bats were introduced over 30 years ago to provide improved durability over wooden bats. Since their introduction,
however, interest in hollow bats has focused almost exclusively around their hitting performance. The aim of this study was
to take advantage of the progress that has been made in predicting bat performance using finite elements and apply it to describe
bat durability. Accordingly, the plastic deformation from a ball impact of a single-wall aluminum bat was numerically modelled.
The bat deformation from the finite-element analysis was then compared with experiment using a high-speed bat test machine.
The ball was modelled as an isotropic, homogeneous, viscoelastic sphere. The viscoelastic parameters of the ball model were
found from instrumented, high-speed, rigid-wall ball impacts. The rigid-wall ball impacts were modelled numerically and showed
good agreement with the experimentally obtained response. The strain response of the combined bat-ball model was verified
with a strain-gauged bat at intermediate ball impact speeds in the elastic range. The strain response of the bat-ball model
exhibited positive correlation with the experimental measurements. High-speed bat-ball impacts were performed experimentally
and simulated numerically at increasing impact speeds which induced correspondingly increased dent sizes in the bat. The plastic
deformation from the numerical model found good agreement with experiment provided the aluminium work hardening and strain
rate effects were appropriately described. The inclusion of strain rate effects was shown to have a significant effect on
the bat deformations produced in the finite-element simulations. They also helped explain the existence of high bat stresses
found in many performance models. 相似文献