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281.
282.
We report the first successful demonstration of a simultaneous, two-itemsame-different (S/D) discrimination by 6 pigeons, in which nonpictorial color and shape stimuli were used. This study was conducted because
the majority of recently successful demonstrations of S/D discrimination in pigeons have employed displays with more than
two items. Two pairs of stimulus items were simultaneously presented on a touch screen equipped computer monitor. Pigeons
were reinforced for consistently pecking at either thesame (i.e., identical) or thedifferent (i.e., nonidentical) pair of items. These pairs were created from combinations of simple colored shapes drawn from a pool
of six colors and six shapes. After acquiring the discrimination with item pairs that differed redundantly in both the shape
and the color dimensions, the pigeons were tested for transfer to items that varied in only one of these dimensions. Although
both dimensions contributed to the discrimination, greater control was exhibited by the color dimension. Most important, the
discrimination transferred in tests with novel colored, shaped, and sized items, suggesting that the mechanisms involved were
not stimulus specific but were more generalized in nature. These results suggest that the capacity to judge S/D relations
is present in pigeons even when only two stimuli are used to implement this contrast. 相似文献
283.
The within-compound association approach has been proposed as an account of synergistic conditioning in flavor aversion learning.
One prediction from the within-compound association approach is that following taste + odor compound conditioning, postconditioning
inflation of one element of the compound should increase responding to the second element. In four experiments with rats,
the AX+/A+ design was used to determine whether postconditioning inflation of A would increase responding to X. In Experiments
1 and 3, responding to X was significantly stronger after AX+/A+ conditioning, as compared with AX+ conditioning. In Experiments
2 and 4, the specificity of the inflation effect was demonstrated, because AX+/A+ conditioning produced a stronger aversion
to X than did AX+/B+ conditioning. Furthermore, it appears that the taste + odor association is symmetrical because inflation
of the taste aversion increased responding to the odor (Experiments 1 and 2) and inflation of the odor aversion increased
responding to the taste (Experiments 3 and 4). 相似文献
284.
Adventure Learning: Transformative hybrid online education 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
Aaron Doering 《Distance Education》2006,27(2):197-215
Adventure learning (AL) is a hybrid distance education approach that provides students with opportunities to explore real‐world issues through authentic learning experiences within collaborative learning environments. This article defines this online distance education approach, outlines an AL framework, and showcases an AL archetype. In AL environments, classroom teachers are not positioned in the role of teacher/facilitator/designer in the online learning spaces. AL online spaces are collaborative spaces where students, teachers, subject experts, and AL team members interact with one another; these are community spaces where traditional hierarchical classroom roles are blurred. Students' roles transform due to the flexibility and design of the AL learning environments as they move from student to reflective practitioner, providing for new ways of learning and teaching. 相似文献
285.
AbstractThe authors present a materialist analysis of the effects of neoliberalism in education. Specifically, they contend that neoliberalism is a form of cultural invasion that begets necrophilia. Neoliberalism is necrophilous in promoting a cultural desire to fix fluid systems and processes. Such desire manufactures both individuals known and culturally felt experiences of alienation which are, it is argued, symptomatic of an imperialist nostalgia that permeates educational policy and practice. The authors point to ‘unschooling in schools’ as a mechanism for resisting the necrophilous tendencies of contemporary formations of education. 相似文献
286.
Aaron F. Nichols Emily Crist Graham Sherriff Megan Allison 《Journal of Web Librarianship》2017,11(2):85-104
Discovery tools have been widely adopted by academic libraries, yet little information exists that connects common practices regarding discovery tool implementation, maintenance, assessment, and staffing with conventions for research and instruction. The authors surveyed heads of reference and instruction departments in research and land-grant university libraries. The survey results revealed common practices with discovery tools among academic libraries. This study also draws connections between operational, instructional, and assessment practices and perceptions that participants have of the success of their discovery tool. Participants who indicated successful implementation of their discovery tool hailed from institutions that made significant commitments to the operations, maintenance, and acceptance of their discovery tool. Participants who indicated an unsuccessful implementation, or who were unsure about the success of their implementation, did not make lasting commitments to the technical maintenance, operations, and acceptance of their discovery tool. 相似文献
287.
288.
289.
Peter Felten Sophia Abbot Jordan Kirkwood Aaron Long Tanya Lubicz-Nawrocka Lucy Mercer-Mapstone 《International Journal for Academic Development》2019,24(2):192-203
ABSTRACTAs calls for student-staff partnership proliferate across higher education, academic development must re-examine and reimagine its relationship to students. Students generally occupy roles with limited agency in academic development. We argue that this needs to change. We propose re-articulating the purpose of academic development toward the creation of conditions that liberate everyone involved in teaching and learning in higher education. We offer four vignettes that illustrate what is possible when students have the opportunity to embrace their essential roles. We conclude by reflecting on the human implications of student agency in academic development and higher education more broadly. 相似文献
290.
A controversy whether developmental dyslexia is qualitatively different from other forms of reading disability has existed
among reading specialists for many years because poor readers, regardless of the labels attached to them, resemble each other
symptomatically (i.e., in reading achievement). For this reason, it is difficult to establish a priori criteria based on symptoms
to identify dyslexia and compare it with other forms of reading disability. One possible solution to this impasse is to see
if poor readers differ in the etiology of their reading disability and, if they do, then to see whether one group of poor
readers fits the traditional definition of dyslexia. This strategy was adopted in the present study. In this paper, it was
hypothesized that the etiology of dyslexia is different from that of other forms of reading disability because there is a
difference in the components that malfunction in dyslexia and other forms of reading disability. Studies have shown that the
two components that account for a large proportion of variance in reading are decoding and comprehension. Previous studies
also indicate that dyslexic children are deficient in decoding skills but not necessarily in comprehension. In this study,
reading-disabled children were divided into two groups on the basis of their listening comprehension. Children whose listening
comprehension was at or above grade level were placed in one group; poor readers with below-grade-level listening comprehension
were placed in the second group. Both groups, however, were matched for reading comprehension. The two groups and a control
group of normal readers were administered a number of tasks that were designed to assess the efficiency of the components
of reading. It was found that poor readers with normal listening comprehension were deficient in tasks that involved grapheme-phoneme
conversion (Component I, decoding). When tested on tasks that minimized decoding requirements, their reading comprehension
was comparable to that of normal readers. In contrast, the group with sub-average listening comprehension was poor in measures
of reading comprehension, even when decoding requirements were minimal. With the exception of very few children, this group
also had adequate decoding skills. Because poor readers with normal listening comprehension had average or above average IQ,
they conform to the traditional definition of dyslexia. Poor readers with below average listening comprehension had below
average IQ and could be considered as “general reading backward.” It was, therefore, concluded that the etiology of developmental
dyslexia is different from that of general reading backwardness.
In this paper, the termetiology refers to proximal causal factors such as decoding and comprehension and not to distal causal factors such as genetic and
neurological characteristics. 相似文献