Do Golgi tendon organs really inhibit muscle activity at high force levels to save muscles from injury, and adapt with strength training?

Introductory textbooks commonly state that Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are responsible for a reflex response that inhibits a muscle producing dangerously high tension (autogenic inhibition). Review of the relevant data from animal studies demonstrates that there is wide variability in the magnitude of, and even the presence of, GTO autogenic effects among locomotor hindlimb muscles, and that data on GTO effects under conditions of voluntary maximal muscle activation are lacking. A single available study on GTO function in humans, during a moderate contraction, surprisingly shows a reduction in autogenic inhibition during muscle-force production. Further, it is not possible to find experimental evidence supporting the idea that strength training may produce a decrease in GTO mediated autogenic inhibition, allowing greater muscle activation levels and hence greater force production.     

EDUCATIONAL TRENDS AND SPECIAL EDUCATION

Educational trends with implications for special education are discussed. An emphasis is placed not only on some of the practices now being questioned, but also on the alternatives that are being proposed as replacements. The team approach, classification systems, normative testing, and learning theory are discussed in relation to recent trends. Mention is also made of the “precision teaching” movement.