Analysis of Open Access Landscape

This paper is created by bounding 5 editorials of Public Library of Science （PLoS） which have written on various aspects of open access. It covers wide range topics of important open access issues, such as from paying for open access to copyright to open access as a public issue, which may be more or less of interest of our audience.     

The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on cycling performance and acid base balance recovery in acute normobaric hypoxia

This study investigated the effects of two separate doses of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) on 4 km time trial (TT) cycling performance and post-exercise acid base balance recovery in hypoxia. Fourteen club-level cyclists completed four cycling TT’s, followed by a 40 min passive recovery in normobaric hypoxic conditions (FiO₂ = 14.5%) following one of either: two doses of NaHCO₃ (0.2 g.kg^?1 BM; SBC2, or 0.3 g.kg^?1 BM; SBC3), a taste-matched placebo (0.07 g.kg^?1 BM sodium chloride; PLA), or a control trial in a double-blind, randomized, repeated-measures and crossover design study. Compared to PLA, TT performance was improved following SBC2 (p = 0.04, g = 0.16, very likely beneficial), but was improved to a greater extent following SBC3 (p = 0.01, g = 0.24, very likely beneficial). Furthermore, a likely benefit of ingesting SBC3 over SBC2 was observed (p = 0.13, g = 0.10), although there was a large inter-individual variation. Both SBC treatments achieved full recovery within 40 min, which was not observed in either PLA or CON following the TT. In conclusion, NaHCO₃ improves 4 km TT performance and acid base balance recovery in acute moderate hypoxic conditions, however the optimal dose warrants an individual approach.     

Assessing cultural values: developing an attitudinal scale

Effective measurement of cultural value is often elusive because of its multidimensional nature. It is also influenced by sociodemographic characteristics (manifest variables) and attitudinal characteristics (latent variables) of populations. While the former is easily available to researchers, the latter has not been fully studied. This paper suggests the use of a cultural worldview scale that was developed to measure cultural attitudes of people, using factor and cluster analysis. Four factors comprise the scale: cultural linkages, recognition of cultural values, cultural loss and preservation of traditions and customs. Some advantages of using this scale are demonstrated, and relationships with sociodemographic variables are investigated. Managerial and policy implications are discussed.

A call for more mixed methods in sport management research

Despite the popularity and strong advocacy for combining quantitative and qualitative methods, few mixed methods approaches are found in the sport management research. As a result, this article examines the frequency with which mixed methods research has been used in recent sport management research, and demonstrates ways in which mixed methods can help improve the validity of research findings in sport management related topics. Because research in sport management often is concerned with causal questions, this article provides mixed methods designs for improving causal inference. Examples are provided from three areas of sport management research, including marketing, organizational behavior, and finance. The designs that are provided are based on the mixed methods design dimensions of time order and priority of quantitative and qualitative data.     

EPA glossaries: The struggle to define environmental terms

As the nation's principal environmental agency, the EPA is responsible for conveying a wide array of information to the American public. The agency utilizes glossaries, lexicons, dictionaries, and thesauri to define environmental terms, regulations, scientific concepts, and issues. However, the approach taken to defining environmental terms is challenging and there is often more than one definition for the same term. This article examines how the EPA defines environmental terms and how it can be difficult to choose the most appropriate definition or environmental term.     

Maximal work production following two levels of artificially induced metabolic alkalosis

In order to determine the influence of two artificially induced alkalotic states on the ability to perform maximal exercise, six male subjects (mean age, 22.0 years; mean height, 176.8 cm; mean weight, 69.1 kg; mean VO2 max, 3.83 l min-1) were studied during three experimental trials. The subjects performed six 60-s cycling bouts, at a work rate corresponding to 125% VO2 max, with 60 s recovery between work bouts; these regimens were performed 1 h after the ingestion of a solution containing either; I, placebo; II, NaHCO3 in a dosage of 0.15 g per kg body weight; or III, NaHCO3 0.30 g per kg body weight. The sixth work bout was continued until the pedal velocity dropped below 50 rev min-1. Total work done for the entire work period was calculated. Blood samples were taken from a forearm vein prior to the exercise bouts for analysis of pH and HCO3. The results showed a significant pre-exercise difference in pH and HCO3 for all conditions (P less than 0.01). In conditions where artificial alkalosis had been achieved prior to exercise there was significant increase in the work produced: I, 121.6 kJ; II, 133.1 kJ; III, 133.5 kJ (P less than 0.05). The time to fatigue in the six bout was also significantly increased; I, 74.7 s; II, 111.0 s; III, 106.0 p (P less than 0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions II and III. Thus augmentation of the bicarbonate reserves has a significant positive effect on the energy metabolism in interval-type exercise, leading to an increase in the work done and in the time to fatigue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

2008年票据印刷业展望

OutputLinks是世界HVTO（high volume transaction output，大批量票据印刷）领域重要的信息资源公司之一，目前其已与科印传媒建立了合作伙伴关系。《数码印刷》杂志将从本期起，增设OutputLinks专栏，刊登来自OutputLinks的精彩报道，为中国印刷界，特别是票据印刷领域的专业人士提供更高质量的资讯服务。本期专栏．OutputLinks公司首席执行官Andy Plata先生、首席运营官Julie Plata女士将和大家分享他们对票据印刷行业的观点和看法。