Address upon Receiving the Nobel Prize for Literature STOCKHOLM,DECEMBER 10,1950

I feel that this award was not made to me as a man,but to mywork—a life's work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit,not for glory and least of all for profit,but to create out of thematerials of the human spirit something which did not exist before,sothis award is only mine in trust.It will not be difficult to fred a dedi-cation for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose andsignificance of its origin.But I would like to do the same with the ac-claim too,by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might belistened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same     

奖励与惩罚的心理学分析

一、惩罚的心理学分析惩罚,意指对犯有过错行为的人给予一种处罚。一般说来,惩罚是针对有意犯过的人的,就是他明知这种行动是错的,伹仍故意去做。对年幼儿童来说,除非确实知道他们已经懂得和学会了家长或教师教给他们的有关这方面的行为准则,否则的话,我们就不能断言,他们是故意去做这一越轨行为的。当然随着他们年龄的增长,可以肯定他们已经懂得是非好坏,因此可以认为,他们做的任何一个不正当举动都是有意的。这些说法并不总是正确的。儿童即使知道了一种规则,他们并不理解规则的全部意义,这是尽人皆知     

母爱的力量

一天,生活在山上的部落突然对生活在山下的部落发动了侵略,他们不仅抢夺了山下部落的大量财物,还绑架了一户人家的婴儿,并把他带回到山上。可是山下部落的人们不知道怎样才能爬到山上去。他们既不知道山上部落平时走的山道在哪里,也不知道到哪里去寻找山上的部落,甚至不知道如何去发现他们留下的踪迹。尽管如此,他们还是派出了他们部落中最优秀,最勇敢的战士,希望他们能够爬到山上去,找回孩子。     

关注眼前人[一]

1我看着托盘摔在地上,打得粉碎,午餐也洒了一地。活该,我有些幸灾乐祸地想道,谁叫你盯着我看。他呆呆地站在那里,看着满地的食物发愣。我本来没想过要帮他,但忽     

Evaluation of the dust and methanol extracts of Garcinia kolae for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus （F.） and Sitophilus zeamais （Mots）

Insecticidal effects of different doses of the dust and methanol extracts of Garcinia kolae on Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais were tested. The dust had no significant effect on the two insects, none of them died even at 3 d after treatment. The methanol extracts, however, had rapid lethal effects on both C. maculatus and S. zeamais. The mortality of C. maculatus by the lowest concentration of methanol extracts ranged from 95%-100% whereas in S. zeamais, the mortality ranged from 87.5%-100% and 70%-100% in concentrations of 1 g extract＋3 ml methanol and 1 g extract＋5 ml methanol, respectively, from 24 to 48 h. The least concentration of 1 g extract＋l 5 ml methanol had no significant lethal effect on Sitophilus zeamais.     

An appraisal of techniques and equipment for cutting force measurement

INTRODUCTION Metal machining processes are characterised mainly by quick changes in quantified elements. In- dividual changes do not occur in isolation and they influence each other. The analysis of these changes require study of the complicated complete systems in their real situations. The study of cutting processes such as turning and facing, from dynamic aspects, is very important. The trend towards the measurement of cutting forces in machining leads to many theo- retical and practic…     

Exploring undergraduates' understanding of photosynthesis using diagnostic question clusters

We present a diagnostic question cluster (DQC) that assesses undergraduates' thinking about photosynthesis. This assessment tool is not designed to identify individual misconceptions. Rather, it is focused on students' abilities to apply basic concepts about photosynthesis by reasoning with a coordinated set of practices based on a few scientific principles: conservation of matter, conservation of energy, and the hierarchical nature of biological systems. Data on students' responses to the cluster items and uses of some of the questions in multiple-choice, multiple-true/false, and essay formats are compared. A cross-over study indicates that the multiple-true/false format shows promise as a machine-gradable format that identifies students who have a mixture of accurate and inaccurate ideas. In addition, interviews with students about their choices on three multiple-choice questions reveal the fragility of students' understanding. Collectively, the data show that many undergraduates lack both a basic understanding of the role of photosynthesis in plant metabolism and the ability to reason with scientific principles when learning new content. Implications for instruction are discussed.     

Reading comprehension interventions for middle school students with learning disabilities: a synthesis of 30 years of research

The authors conducted a synthesis of studies of reading comprehension interventions for middle school students (Grades 6-8) identified with a learning disability. They identified 12 studies between 1979 and 2009 with treatment and comparison designs and 2 single-participant studies. Findings from the studies indicate large effect sizes for researcher-developed comprehension measures. Few studies (n = 4) reported standardized measures of reading comprehension, which indicated medium effect sizes. The majority of study treatments (n = 13) utilized strategy instruction related to main idea or summarization.     

中国大陆社区心理学发展的现状、困难与机遇

对CNKI“学术文献总库”中有关社区心理学的研究成果进行检索,使用Endnote的文献管理与分析功能、CNKI的学科类别分组功能以及内容分析法对检索结果进行分析,得出中国大陆社区心理学研究的现状:(1)成果总量不多,2000年以后出现增长趋势;(2)尚未出现特定的“研究中心”,包括具有明显领先优势的研究者或研究机构、集中发表该领域研究成果的专业刊物或出版单位等;(3)出自心理学的研究成果最多(约占成果总数的1/3),其他学科类别依次为医学、社会学及统计学、医疗卫生政策与法律、教育与管理等;(4)研究对象集中于“老年人”和“青少年”两个群体,关注心理健康和心理干预问题;(5)主要采用测量和调查等实证研究方法,研究对社区实践的卷入不深.中国大陆社区心理学的发展面临三重阻力:(1)自上而下的行政化社区管理体制造成公民(包括心理学家在内)社区意识的普遍淡漠,致使社区心理难以进入心理学研究的视域;(2)心理学家普遍重视理论研究,对参与社会实践较少兴趣和经验;(3)实证主义研究范式的心理禁锢.社区心理学在中国同时也面临发展机遇:首先,社会改革与发展过程中涌现出大量的社会心理问题,政府和社会对解决这些问题的迫切需求为社区心理学的发展创造了契机;其次,大型组织和企业积极参与行动研究对社区心理学的发展起到助推作用;第三,心理学学科自身生存与发展的需要为社区心理学的发展提供了内在动力.     

下山才算成功

中国人喜欢把巅峰和登上巅峰当作成功的譬喻,为什么呢?意味着高人一头。于是有这样的诗句:望海能知风浪小,山登绝顶我为峰。