南戏体制变化二例

南戏体制从宋元到明中叶,逐渐发生变化并趋于整饬。今人依据常见的元明南戏（传奇）剧本,以为从元代开始,南戏开场形式已经十分简练扼要,一概由末念诵一至二首词,这是一个误解。只是到了万历时期,文人创作讲求文采格律,才固定为简要的一词或二词形式。从南戏到传奇剧本,逐步走向分"出",开始时"折""出""节""套"皆用,宣德年间正式分"出",嘉靖年间开始列"出""目",万历以后趋于规整。     

Predictors for grade 6 reading in children at familial risk of dyslexia

The present study investigates whether grade 6 reading outcomes, reading fluency, and reading comprehension can be predicted by grade 3 reading fluency, familial risk of dyslexia (FR), and grade 3 reading related skills: rapid automatized naming (RAN), phonological awareness (PA), and vocabulary. In a sample of 150 children, of whom 83 had a parent with dyslexia, correlation and regression analyses were performed. FR, measured on a continuous scale, was by itself related to all outcomes. However, FR did not explain any variance on top of grade 3 reading fluency. Grade 3 reading fluency strongly predicted grade 6 reading fluency and was also related to reading comprehension. RAN improved the prediction of grade 6 reading fluency, though the additional explained variance was small. Vocabulary and PA fully explained the variance that grade 3 reading fluency explained in grade 6 reading comprehension. Vocabulary explained a substantial amount of variance in grade 6 reading comprehension making it an interesting clinical target. As we used continuous measures of reading fluency and FR, our findings are not biased by distinct diagnostic criteria.     

全球化时代的全球性问题--以环境问题为例

全球性问题是具有全局性、战略性的重大问题。环境问题已成为现实的全球性问题之一。在经济全球化的时代,环境破坏之提升为全球性问题,其根源在于资本主义生产方式的全球化所造成的一系列社会矛盾。从全球化的视野看环境问题,不能脱离国际经济和国际政治关系。环境问题与社会主义的命运密切相关;在我国,环境问题的解决状况是衡量改革是否坚持社会主义方向的重要标准之一。     

Psychodata: disassembling the psychological,economic, and statistical infrastructure of ‘social-emotional learning’

ABSTRACT

Psychology and economics are powerful sources of expert knowledge in contemporary governance. Social and emotional learning (SEL) is becoming a priority in education policy in many parts of the world. Based on the enumeration of students’ ‘noncognitive’ skills, SEL consists of a ‘psycho-economic’ combination of psychometrics with economic analysis, and is producing novel forms of statistical ‘psychodata’ about students. Constituted by an expanding infrastructure of technologies, metrics, people, money and policies, SEL has travelled transnationally through the advocacy of psychologists, economists, and behavioural scientists, with support from think tank coalitions, philanthropies, software companies, investment schemes, and international organizations. The article examines the emerging SEL infrastructure, identifying how psychological and economics experts are producing policy-relevant scientific knowledge and statistical psychodata to influence the direction of SEL policies. It examines how the OECD Study on Social and Emotional Skills, a large-scale computer-based assessment, makes ‘personality’ an international focus for policy intervention and ‘human capital’ formation, thereby translating measurable socio-emotional indicators into predicted socio-economic outcomes. The SEL measurement infrastructure instantiates psychological governance within education, one underpinned by a political rationality in which society is measured effectively through scientific fact-finding and subjects are managed affectively through psychological intervention.     

Postgraduate conception of research methodology: implications for learning and teaching

This qualitative inquiry investigates postgraduate students’ conceptions of research methodology and how it contributes to their learning. It explores factors likely to motivate student choice of research methodology and challenges in understanding research methods. The research was carried out at research-intensive universities in New Zealand and in Malaysia with similar postgraduate programmes. Participants were enrolled in Masters and Ph.D. programmes. Findings revealed that participants share a recognition that research methodology is a significant body of knowledge in postgraduate education. However, there were noticeable differences in perspectives regarding what constitutes research methodology and whether or not it should be conceived as a discipline. To some participants, learning research methodology is less of a discipline but rather an acquisition of a set of isolated facts and skills without necessarily acquiring a deeper understanding of research. Furthermore, postgraduate students choose research methodology based on a number of factors such as familiarity with a method, methodological orientation of the primary supervisor, the domain of study, and the nature of research problems pursued. Participants reported that the key challenges they face in understanding research methodology include framing research questions, understanding the theory or literature and its role in shaping research outcomes, and difficulties in performing data analysis.     

Competing sources of stimulus value in anticipatory contrast

In previous studies of anticipatory contrast, identical target components (A and B) preceded either a lower (extinction) or a richer schedule. Higher response rates occurred during the target preceding the lower rate of reinforcement, whereas preference was in favor of the target preceding the richer schedule. In Experiment 1, the response and preference measures were positively related when additional stimuli, with no reinforcement of their own, preceded the target components. The effect of these additional stimuli was presumed to be due to their overshadowing of the Pavlovian association between the target components and their following schedules. Experiment 2 also demonstrated a consistent relation between response rate and preference in a conditioned reinforcement procedure. In the absence of a strong Pavlovian association, anticipatory contrast, like other forms of contrast in free-operant procedures, reflects an increase in the value of the target component with an unchanged reinforcement schedule.     

Literacy corps Iran's gamble to conquer illiteracy

Summary TheLiteracy Corps program was launched by Iranian government officials in October 1962 as a radical departure from both traditional and modern approaches to illiteracy among rural children. The program has been rapidly formulated and implemented in the midst of many public statements by government officials. As the program has evolved from formulation, to training, to implementation, this observer has grown increasingly skeptical. As a plan it has been hastily conceived and poorly financed. The military flavor that has been maintained in both selecting and training the teachers seems quite useless to, if not destructive of, an effective educational program. The consistent failure to relate the literacy program to an over-all program of teacher training and elementary school development marks Iran'sLiteracy Corps as a stop-gap measure rather than a bold, basic attack on the country's problem of educational opportunity for all its people.

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Literacy corps — Irans Wagnis im Feldzug gegen das Analphabetentum

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Literacy corps — l'aventure de l'Iran dans sa campagne contre l'analphabetisme

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Data for this analytical report were gathered by the author while in Iran as a Fulbright Professor at The University of Tehran, 1962–63.     

The effects of stimulus similarity on different types of behavioral contrast

Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules with component stimuli of different degrees of similarity. In Experiment 1, a two-component schedule was used in which the two stimuli were either two line orientations or a line orientation versus a diffuse color. Reinforcement rate was varied in one component to determine the effects of stimulus similarity on different aspects of behavioral contrast. Contrast in terms of average response rates (molar contrast) was larger with less similar stimuli. Local contrast effects at the beginning of the component were larger for more similar stimuli, but these effects were more variable and did not attain statistical significance. Independent of the level of molar contrast, the local pattern of schedule interaction differed for the two levels of similarity: with more similar stimuli, the maximum degree of interaction occurred at the beginning of the components and then decreased; with less similar stimuli, the degree of interaction increased throughout the components and was at its maximum near their end. In Experiment 2, the same three stimuli were used while reinforcement rate in the middle component of a three-component sequence was varied; this isolated the effects of the preceding schedule from those of the following schedule. Contrast effects were generally greater in the target component preceding the variable schedule, and these were enhanced by less similar stimuli. Contrast in the target component following the variable schedule was manifested primarily in terms of the behavior at the beginning of the component, and these effects were inconsistently related to stimulus similarity. The functional separation of the effects of stimulus similarity on the different locations of contrast suggest that “anticipatory contrast” and “local contrast” depend upon different mechanisms, thus excluding any account of contrast solely in terms of relative rate of reinforcement.     

中国国家图书馆中文名称规范工作的思考

我国中文名称规范工作处于发展起步阶段,在实践中面临诸多问题.数据整合过程中编目业务流程内外如何协调和制作标准如何统一,以及规范控制中是否所有书目数据中的名称标目都要做规范数据、是否所有名称都要并尽量区分、规范记录是否要面面俱到等等,都是需要思考与解决的问题.当前阶段的规范工作应该避免单纯的理论化,需借鉴国外经验,重视可行性.     

高校分析测试中心功能拓展的探讨

介绍了高校分析测试中心在发展中的主要举措和初步成效.通过高校分析测试中心发展的3个阶段及其功能定位,探讨了高校分析测试中心在软件建设及服务地方经济建设中的功能拓展.