胡瑗"苏湖教法"的社会价值

宋代的胡瑗顺应社会政治、经济、教育的发展需要,在继承宋以前儒家教育的传统基础上,创造了“苏湖教法”。胡瑗把“创新”作为“苏湖教法”的核心,以此选育人才,取得了极大的成功。胡瑗的“苏湖教法”成为宋代的主要教育方法,胡瑗的教育思想也为“宋学”的产生奠定了基础。     

Perceptual-cognitive expertise when refereeing the scrum in rugby union

Compared to sports performers, relatively little is known about how sports officials make decisions at a perceptual-cognitive level. Thus, this study examined the decision-making accuracy and gaze behaviour of rugby union referees of varying skill levels while reviewing scrum scenarios. Elite (n = 9) and trainee (n = 9) referees, as well as experienced players (n = 9), made decisions while watching ten projected scrum clips and wearing a mobile eye-tracker. Decision-making accuracy and gaze behaviour were recorded for each scrum. The elite and trainee referees made more accurate decisions than the players, and differences in gaze behavior were observed. The elite and trainee referees displayed lower search rates, spent more time fixating central-pack (i.e., front rows, binds, and contact point) and less time fixating outer-pack (e.g., second rows) and non-pack (e.g., other) locations, and exhibited lower entropy than the players. While search rate failed to predict decision-making accuracy, the time spent fixating central-, outer-, and non-pack locations, as well as entropy, were significant predictors. The findings have implications for training perceptual-cognitive skill among sports officials.     

Relay exchanges in elite short track speed skating

In short track speed skating, the relay exchange provides an additional strategic component to races by allowing a team to change the skater involved in the pack race. Typically executed every 1½ laps, it is the belief of skaters and coaches that during this period of the race, time can be gained or lost due to the execution of the relay exchange. As such, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of the relay exchange on a team’s progression through a 5000?m relay race. Using data collected from three World Cup relay events during the 2012–2013 season, the time taken to complete the straight for the scenarios with and without the relay exchange were compared at different skating speeds for the corner exit prior to the straight. Overall, the influence of the relay exchange was found to be dependent on this corner exit speed. At slower corner exit speeds (12.01–13.5?m/s), relay exchange straight times were significantly faster than the free skating scenario (P?<?0.01). While at faster corner exit speeds (14.01–15?m/s), straight times were significantly slower (P?<?0.001). The findings of this study suggest that the current norm of executing relay exchanges every 1½ laps may not be optimal. Instead, varying the frequency of relay exchange execution throughout the race could allow: (1) time to be gained relative to other teams; and (2) facilitate other race strategies by providing an improved opportunity to overtake.     

The role of anthropometric,performance and psychological attributes in predicting selection into an elite development programme in older adolescent rugby league players

This study aimed to identify attributes that discriminate selected from non-selected players and predict selection into a rugby league development programme in older adolescent players. Anthropometric, performance and psychological attributes were measured in under-16 (N = 100) and under-18 (N = 60) rugby league players trialling for selection into a development programme with a professional Australian club. Sprint times (P < 0.001), predicted VO_2max (P = 0.002) and push-ups_1 min (P = 0.004) were superior in selected under-16 players, and sprint times (P ≤ 0.045), push-ups_1 min (P < 0.001) and chin-ups_1 min (P = 0.013) were superior in selected under-18 players. Further, 10-m sprint (β = ?7.706, standard error [SE] = 2.412), VO_2max (β = 0.168, SE = 0.052) and body mass (β = 0.071, SE = 0.023) significantly predicted selection (R² = 0.339) in under-16 players, while push-ups_1 min (β = 0.564, SE = 0.250), 10-m sprint (β = ?68.477, SE = 28.107), body mass (β = 0.360, SE = 0.155) and chronological age (β = ?3.577, SE = 1.720) significantly predicted selection (R² = 0.894) in under-18 players. These findings emphasise the importance of performance attributes in junior rugby league and indicate talent identification test batteries should be age-specific in older adolescent players.     

One-year endurance training: effects on lung function and airway inflammation

The aim of this study was to determine whether endurance training in athletes induces airway inflammation and pulmonary function disorders. Respiratory pattern and function were analysed in ten healthy endurance runners at rest, during sub-maximal exercise, and during the recovery. Inflammatory cells and metabolites (histamine, interleukin-8, and leukotriene E(4)) were measured in sputum at rest and after exercise. The experiments were conducted on three different occasions (basic endurance training, pre-competitive and competitive periods). In spite of the absence of post-exercise spirometric changes and respiratory symptoms, airway cells counts and inflammatory markers changed significantly. At the beginning of the experiment, athletes' induced sputum showed an abundance of macrophages compared with neutrophils. We found a high percentage of neutrophils during the pre-competitive and competitive periods of the sport season (41% and 37%), a significant increase in macrophage counts during the pre-competitive period (51%), and a significant rise in total cells, interleukin-8, leukotriene E(4), and histamine during the competitive period. In conclusion, one year's training increased markers of inflammation in the airways of endurance runners without symptoms or changes in pulmonary function, suggesting that airway inflammation is of insufficient magnitude to markedly impact lung function in healthy athletes.     

论乒乓球运动中的控制与反控制

运用辨证唯物论的方法针对乒乓球运动的实质,明确指出控制与反控制是乒乓球运动中的主要矛盾,对乒乓球运动中实现控制与反控制的各种因素进行了分析,如对判断、击球质量、击球时机等技术因素,变通性、针对性、逆向思维等战术因素在控制与反控制中的作用,并对意识、心理因素在控制与反控制中的作用也进行细致分析.研究乒乓球运动中有关控制与反控制在意识、技术、战术、心理等诸多方面的问题,有利于正确理解控制与反控制这一对矛盾的相互依存性、制约性与促进性.控制与反控制的矛盾始终是推动乒乓球运动发展的原动力.     

多层次多目标模糊优选模型在水安全评价中的应用

在对水安全概念充分理解的基础上，利用多层次多目标决策和模糊优选理论，建立了区域水安全评价的模糊优选模型。由于水安全包括的内容有水供需矛盾、生态环境、粮食安全、饮用水安全、控制灾害、赋予水价值和水资源管理等方面，而且各方面的评价指标又具有层次结构，这就使得采用多层次多目标模糊优选理论对区域水安全进行评价较为合适。在对各评价指标的权重确定中本文采用了客观赋权法—熵值法，它的优点是最大程度地利用了评价方案的目标值或属性值来计算各目标的权系数，更能够在方案比较中显示出指标的差异。最后本文结合具有层次结构的水安全评价指标体系和所建立的模型对我国部分省级行政区（山西、黑龙江、江苏、河南、广西、云南和陕西）的水安全状况进行了评价，结果表明：参与评价的各地区水安全形势从好到坏的排序是云南、广西、江苏、黑龙江、河南、山西和陕西，这与各地区的水资源实际情况较为吻合。