Development of oral reading fluency in children with speech or language impairments: a growth curve analysis

This longitudinal study used piece-wise growth curve analyses to examine growth patterns in oral reading fluency for 1,991 students with speech impairments (SI) or language impairments (LI) from first through third grade. The main finding of this study was that a diagnosis of SI or LI can have a detrimental and persistent effect on early reading skills. Results indicated differences between subgroups in growth trajectories that were evident in first grade. A large proportion of students with SI or LI did not meet grade-level reading fluency benchmarks. Overall students with SI showed better performance than students with LI. Reading fluency performance was negatively related to the persistence of the SI or LI; the lowest performing students were those originally identified with SI or LI whose diagnosis changed to a learning disability. The results underscore the need to identify, monitor, and address reading fluency difficulties early among students with SI or LI.     

Hydrogenation of ortho-nitrochlorobenzene on activated carbon supported platinum catalysts

INTRODUCTION 2,2′-dichlorohydrazobenzene (DHB) is a com-mercially important intermediate, and is convention-ally manufactured by zinc reduction of or-tho-nitrochlorobenzene (Xu, 1996). The major dis-advantage of this process is the generation of largeamounts of sludge in reduction. A single step catalytichydrogenation of ortho-nitrochlorobenzene to DHBusing supported noble metal catalyst in the presenceof aqueous sodium hydroxide medium becomes moreimportant, because it is enviro…     

Limitations in 4-year-old children's sensitivity to the spacing among facial features

Four-year-olds' sensitivity to differences among faces in the spacing of features was tested under 4 task conditions: judging distinctiveness when the external contour was visible and when it was occluded, simultaneous match-to-sample, and recognizing the face of a friend. In each task, the foil differed only in the spacing of features, and spacing alterations were within normal limits. Children performed at chance levels in all but 1 task-match-to-sample, and in that task, only 10 of 18 children were correct on more than 50% of the trials. Sensitivity to the spacing of facial features in identity and distinctiveness tasks is very weak at 4 years of age-at least when the changes do not exceed +/-2.5 SD of normal variability.     

地球的演化

地球及其大气圈的形成产生了生命，后者又影响了地球以后的演化，我们的未来在于解释它的地质历史。     

哈雷彗星的故乡

哈雷彗星可能是来自银河系边缘的一种漂流物。哈雷彗星是在初生太阳系的摇篮中诞生的呢?或是来自银河系外层区域的一颗未确知其谱系的窜入星呢?根据现行理论，大约46亿年前，在星际气体和尘埃(太阳系也是由这些物质形成的)的旋转圆盘中，哈雷彗星由水，一氧化碳和其它物质凝聚，聚合与冻结而形成。然后，哈雷彗星便稳定地处于海王星与天王星之间的某一轨道上。     

The impact of NiO on microstructure and electrical property of solid oxide fuel cell anode

INTRODUCTION The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has attracted much attention as a promising source of electrical power generation because of its high efficiency in converting chemical energy to electrical power. De- velopment of SOFC with operating temperature of less than 800 °C has been extensively studied. SOFC has the potential to have the cost of its materials, cell fabrication, and corrosion of its stack components dramatically reduced. Gadolinia-doped ceria with the chemical fo…     

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters

The concept of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is presently of great interest. The functional bacteria belonging to the Planctomycete phylum and their metabolism are investigated by microbiologists. Meanwhile, the ANAMMOX is equally valuable in treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters. Related processes including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) have been developed, and lab-scale experiments proved that both processes were quite feasible in engineering with appropriate control. Successful full-scale practice in the Netherlands will accelerate application of the process in future. This review introduces the microbiology and more focuses on application of the ANAMMOX process. Project supported by the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2006AA06Z332), and the Science and Technology Foundation for Key Project of Zhejiang Province (No. 2003C13005), China     

How neighborhoods influence child maltreatment: a review of the literature and alternative pathways

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the relationships between neighborhoods and child maltreatment and identify future directions for research in this area. METHOD: A search of electronic databases and a survey of experts yielded a list of 25 studies on the influence of geographically defined neighborhoods on child maltreatment. These studies were then critically reviewed by an interdisciplinary research team. RESULTS: Numerous studies demonstrate that child maltreatment cases are concentrated in disadvantaged areas. A number of socio-economic characteristics of neighborhoods have been shown to correlate with child maltreatment rates as measured by official reports to child protective service agencies. Only a few studies examine direct measures of parenting behaviors associated with maltreatment, and these show a weaker relationship with neighborhood disadvantage. Moreover, the processes that link neighborhood conditions to either maltreatment reports or parenting behaviors are not yet confirmed by the research literature. Selection bias, neighborhood definitions and spatial influences are largely uncontrolled in the existing research. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a framework for pursuing further study of neighborhoods and child maltreatment that addresses the gaps in the current literature. Neighborhood-based strategies to prevent and reduce child maltreatment will be enhanced by research that provides a better understanding of how neighborhood conditions act as stressors or supports for families at risk of child maltreatment.