This investigation analyzed goals from the Individual Educational Programs (IEPs) of 54 high school students with diagnosed
reading disabilities in basic skills (decoding and/or word identification). Results showed that for 73% of the students, the
IEPs written when they were in high school failed to specify any objectives regarding their acute difficulties with basic
skills. IEPs from earlier points in the students’ educations were also reviewed, as available. For 23 of the students, IEPs
were present in the students’ files for three time points: elementary school (ES), middle school (MS), and high school (HS).
Another 20 students from the sample of 54 had IEPs available for two time points (HS and either MS or ES). Comparisons with
the IEPs from younger years showed a pattern of decline from ES to MS to HS in the percentage of IEPs that commented on or
set goals pertaining to weaknesses in decoding. These findings suggest that basic skills deficits that persist into the upper
grade levels are not being sufficiently targeted for remediation, and help explain why older students frequently fail to resolve
their reading problems. 相似文献
Objective: To investigate the effect of interleukin-18 (IL-18) on immune response induced by plasmid encoding hepatitis B virus middle protein antigen and to explore new strategies for prophylactic and therapeutic HBV DNA vaccines. Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized with pCMV-M alone or co-immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M and then their sera were collected for analysing anti-HBsAg antibody by ELISA; splenocytes were isolated for detecting specific CTL response and cytokine assay in vitro. Results: The anti-HBs antibody level of mice co-immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M was slightly higher than that of mice immunized with pCMV-M alone, but there was not significantly different (P>0.05). Compared with mice injected with pCMV-M, the specific CTL cytotoxity activity of mice immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M was significantly enhanced (P<0.05) and the level of IFN-γ in supernatant of splenocytes cultured with HBsAg in vitro was significantly elevated (P<0.05) while the level of IL-4 had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: The plasmid encoding IL-18 together with HBV M gene DNA vaccines may enhance specific TH1 cells and CTL cellular immune response induced in mice, so that IL-18 is a promising immune adjuvant. 相似文献
Objective: To analyze the association between attitudes of filial responsibility and adult child caregivers’ behaviors in the Southern Region of Brazil.
Methods: Cross-sectional study with 100 child caregivers of older adults. The data were collected through an interview using the protocol of filial responsibility adapted and validated to Brazilian Portuguese. Filial Expectation and Filial Piety scales evaluated the attitudes of filial responsibility. Caring behaviors assessed were: instrumental support, emotional, financial support, and companionship. The variables that presented p< .20 value in the bivariate analysis were inserted into a multivariate Poisson regression model.
Results: Financial and emotional support behaviors were significantly associated with filial piety (p = .050 and p = .001, respectively) and filial expectation (p = .013 and p = .023, respectively). Providing companionship was associated with filial piety (p = .015).
Conclusion: Attitudes of filial responsibility are associated with some but not all caregiving behaviors. Brazilians caring for older parents show more similarities to Chinese than to Canadian caregivers. Furthermore, filial responsibility and caregiving behaviors are strongly affected by Brazilian social and cultural norms. Reasons are discussed. 相似文献
Summary The paper focuses upon curriculum planning in the scientific disciplines at university level, although it is claimed the argument
may be of wider applicability. Drawing upon the writings of philosophers of education from several decades ago (notably Schwab and Scheffler) whose work is too often overlooked in contemporary debates about the curriculum, and using illustrative examples from the
author’s own experience, it is argued that too often the focus of science curriculum planning is the “rhetoric of conclusions”
or the “substantive structure” — the current state of knowledge at the forefront of the respective disciplines — to the neglect
of what Schwab called the “syntactical structure” of the sciences (which roughly approximates their epistemology). This aspect of these
disciplines is essential for the general student trying to become familiar with the nature of science as a broad field of
knowledge, for prospective teachers, and — contra Scheffler’s view — for students who aim at careers as researchers.
Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag der Epistemologie zur Curriuculumkonstruktion in den Naturwissenschaften
Der Aufsatz fokussiert auf die Curriculumplanung für den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht in der universit?ren Lehrerausbildung,
wenngleich behauptet wird, dass dieses Argument weitreichendere Anwendbarkeit besitzt. Der Text knüpft an erziehungswissenschaftlichen
Schriften (insbesondere von Schwab und Scheffler) an, deren Ver?ffentlichung zwar einige Dekaden zurückliegt, deren Beitrag in den aktuellen Debatten aber oft übersehen wird.
Darüber hinaus werden einige illustrative Beispiele aus dem Erfahrungsschatz des Autors genutzt, um zu zeigen, dass der Fokus
der Curriculumplanung für die Naturwissenschaften — dem augenblicklichen Wissensstand der zu berücksichtigenden Disziplinen
zufolge — zu oft in einer „Rhetorik der Schlussfolgerung“ oder „substantivischen Struktur“ besteht, was dazu führt, dass das,
was Schwab die „syntaktische Struktur“ der Naturwissenschaften nennt (und ihrer Epistemologie ziemlich nahe kommt), vernachl?ssigt wird.
Dieser Aspekt jener Disziplinen ist besonders wichtig für Studierende, die allgemeinbildend vertraut werden m?chten mit den
Naturwissenschaften, für angehende Lehrer und — entgegen Schefflers Ansicht — für Studenten, die eine Karriere als Forscher anstreben.
“When walking in quicksand country, carry a stout pole — it will help you get out should you need to. As soon as you start
to sink, lay the pole on the surface of the quicksand. Flop onto your back on top of the pole. Work the pole to a new position:
under your hips and at right angles to your spine. Take the shortest route to firmer ground, moving slowly.”
Piven/Borgenicht 1999, p. 18
This paper was presented at the conference Silence Between the Disciplines, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, Berlin, October 2002. 相似文献
Theories of adolescent connectedness suggest that adolescents strive to become connected by engaging with and valuing the
people, activities, and worlds in their social ecology. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties
of a measure designed to assess these worlds of connectedness among 320 junior high school students in Taiwan. The subscales
and composite scales evidenced satisfactory reliability and concurrent validity. A hypothesized three-factor, higher order
structural model of connectedness was cross-validated. Girls were generally more connected than boys. Both connectedness to
school and to friends explained more variance in connectedness to self than did family connectedness. There was mixed support
for separation-individuation processes. The measure appears promising in terms of future research on adolescent social development
in the Asia Pacific. 相似文献
In 2001, for the first time in the history of the International Association for Counselling, International Conference was held in a developing Asian country–India, with the theme Families in Transition–Counselling in Transition–Meeting the Challenges Ahead. This special issue contains some of the presentations made by Indian participants during this conference which best reflect the challenges and diversities of counseling efforts with families in India. The first article was specially written for this issue in order to give an international relationship of this journal an in depth contextual understanding of Indian families in transition and the challenges they pose to the contemporary Indian counselor. Two articles are reflected to counseling families affected by socio-politial and economic changes. Five authors have written on counseling related to physical and mental disability/addiction and last two articles are reflected to authors experiences as family counselors. 相似文献
Kinetic knowledge is of great importance in achieving good control of the pyrolysis and gasification process and optimising
system design. An overall kinetic pyrolysis scheme is therefore addressed here. The kinetic modelling incorporates the following
basic steps: the degradation of the virgin biomass materials into primary products (tar, gas and semi-char), the decomposition
of primary tar into secondary products and the continuous interaction between primary gas and char. The last step is disregarded
completely by models in the literature. Analysis and comparison of predicted results from different kinetic schemes and experimental
data on our fixed bed pyrolyser yielded very positive evidence to support our kinetic scheme.
Project (No. 2001CB409600) Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (973) of China 相似文献