Local and teleconnected temperature effects of afforestation and vegetation greening in China

Afforestation in China provides carbon sequestration and prevents soil erosion, but its remote impacts on climate in other regions via the coupling of forest energy fluxes with atmospheric circulation are largely unknown. Here, we prescribe inventory-based forest cover change and satellite-observed leaf area index from 1982 to 2011 in a coupled land-atmosphere model to simulate their biophysical climate effects. Both local and global surface air temperatures show a seasonal contrast in response to past vegetation cover expansion over China: a phenomenon we primarily attribute to a variation of seasonality of vegetation greening. A large cooling in spring results in concurrent decreases in geopotential height over China and zonal wind over Mongolia, causing a dipole structure in the upper troposphere over the Arctic. This accounts for ∼58% of simulated spring warming over the Russian Arctic and ∼61% of simulated spring cooling over the Canadian Artic. Our results imply that spring vegetation dynamics in China may affect climate in northern high latitudes.     

Understanding divergent domestication traits from the whole-genome sequencing of swamp- and river-buffalo populations

Domesticated buffaloes have been integral to rice-paddy agro-ecosystems for millennia, yet relatively little is known about the buffalo genomics. Here, we sequenced and assembled reference genomes for both swamp and river buffaloes and we re-sequenced 230 individuals (132 swamp buffaloes and 98 river buffaloes) sampled from across Asia and Europe. Beyond the many actionable insights that our study revealed about the domestication, basic physiology and breeding of buffalo, we made the striking discovery that the divergent domestication traits between swamp and river buffaloes can be explained with recent selections of genes on social behavior, digestion metabolism, strengths and milk production.     

Rapid phenotypic evolution with shallow genomic differentiation during early stages of high elevation adaptation in Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Known as the ‘third polar region’, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment.     

Large-scale multiferroic complex oxide epitaxy with magnetically switched polarization enabled by solution processing

Complex oxides with tunable structures have many fascinating properties, though high-quality complex oxide epitaxy with precisely controlled composition is still out of reach. Here we have successfully developed solution-based single-crystalline epitaxy for multiferroic (1-x)BiTi_(1-y)/2Fe_yMg_(1-y)/2O₃–(x)CaTiO₃ (BTFM–CTO) solid solution in large area, confirming its ferroelectricity at the atomic scale with strong spontaneous polarization. Careful compositional tuning leads to a bulk magnetization of 0.07 ± 0.035 μ_B/Fe at room temperature, enabling magnetically induced polarization switching exhibiting a large magnetoelectric coefficient of 2.7–3.0 × 10⁻⁷ s/m. This work demonstrates the great potential of solution processing in large-scale complex oxide epitaxy and establishes novel room-temperature magnetoelectric coupling in epitaxial BTFM–CTO film, making it possible to explore a much wider space of composition, phase, and structure that can be easily scaled up for industrial applications.     

福建省高校图书馆读者利用文献信息资源研究

以网络为背景,以调查数据为依据,在分析高校读者文献信息需求特点、规律、趋势及影响读者利用文献信息因素的基础上,进行变革服务现状的思路与措施和建立福建省高校图书馆文献信息资源保障体系的研究。     

根据道德取向选拔医学生的研究

本文在对来自澳大利亚、以色列、斐济、新西兰、苏格兰、英格兰的7864名医学生或医学生申请者以及84名澳大利亚心理学学生进行问卷调查基础上,研究道德取向对职业、伦理标准、伦理行为的影响。本文提出了一个比较新的观点,即衡量一名医学工作者或医学生的道德水准,通过道德取向来衡量,比通过道德决断来衡量更为准确。     

指向学科素养发展的深度学习与思考

2017年版普通高中物理课程标准中明确了物理学科核心素养,要求我们从"知识为本"转向"观念建构",在"观念建构"过程中让学生形成从物理视角认识事物和解决问题的思想、方法的科学思维、科学态度.深度学习与学科核心素养发展是相辅相成的,物理学科核心素养需要通过深度学习培养,学生获得的物理学科核心素养反过来又能很好地促进深度学...     

化学试题错解原因分析

常言道：“失败乃成功之母”,“吃一堑,长一智”．从某种意义上说,学习就是从错误中吸取教训,不断改正错误,总结经验,获得真知的循序渐进的过程．故笔者就学生在化学学习中典型试题的错解原因拟文分析,以求与大家共同探讨．     

对促进我国民办高等职业学校发展的几点认识

民办高等职业教育学校的发展虽然有资金不足、社会偏见和师资设备有待提高和充实等不利因素的制约,但同时也有良好的外部发展外环境、自主灵活的办学机制等有利因素,民办高职学校应充分发挥自身自主、灵活性的办学机制,扬长避短。