思考与性格

“当一个人进行思考时，他就因此而存在。”这句箴言不仅概括了一个人存在的全部意义，而且也包含了一个人生活中所触及的所有环境和条件。可以毫不夸张地说，一个人是在思考中挺立起来的，他的性格是其思维的一个总和。     

阅读教学中确定目标的作用

阅读教学中确定阅读目标,可从多方面帮助学生对文章的理解。学生独立阅读文章时,在老师指导下培养学生提出正确的目标、要求的能力。阅读教学的目标,应该始终是帮助学生向独立阅读过渡,教师确定目标的模式,应逐渐由教师和学生同时确定所代替,而最终让步给完全由学生确定。至少从三个方面来说,目标的确定提高了阅读理解的能力:     

期刊主编如何成为精明的管理者

作为杂志主编，除了完成编辑的创造性工作之外，还必须精通管理。作为编辑部的负责人，主编必须对编辑期刊所需的人员、资源和程序进行管理。不论期刊的规模或性质如何，也不论出版期刊的公司或组织的规模或性质如何，他如果知道如何成为(或迅速成为)一名成功的管理者，也就会成为一位理想的主编。     

Effects of AM3 (Inmunoferon) on increased serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor receptors I and II in cyclists

The aims of this study were to examine the changes in plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines induced by training and competition in professional cyclists. We report the serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), tumour necrosis factor receptors I and II (TNFR-I and -II) in a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial involving the administration of AM3 (Inmunoferon), an oral booster immunomodulator, or placebo to 16 professional cyclists (n = 8 in each group) for 65 consecutive days. Serum was collected just before treatment began (baseline), at the end of pre-competition training, before the mountain stage of the competition (60 days), 4 h after finishing this stage (62 days), and 18 h after the fifth and last day of competition (65 days). To determine the normal levels of cytokines and soluble TNF receptors, individual samples from 14 moderately trained healthy controls were studied. After 60 days of training, the serum concentrations of IL-6 did not differ significantly from those at the beginning of the study for either group of cyclists (placebo and AM3). A significant rise was seen in IL-6 concentrations in both the AM3 and placebo groups at 62 days, 4 h after finishing the mountain stage. The increase was significantly greater in the placebo group than in the AM3 group. At 65 days of treatment, 18 h after the fifth and last day of competition, IL-6 concentrations were similar to those recorded at the end of the training, but were significantly higher in the placebo group than in the AM3 group. At the end of training, serum TNFR-I concentrations in both groups of cyclists were significantly lower than at baseline. The concentrations of serum TNFR-I and -II both 4 h after finishing the mountain stage and 18 h after the fifth and last day of competition were significantly higher than those recorded after training in both groups. Professional cycling competition is associated with increases in serum IL-6 and TNFR-I and -II concentrations. Inmunoferon treatment reduced significantly the concentrations of IL-6 but not those of TNFR-I and -II.     

七歲兒童的特點

兒童到了七歲年齡,在生理和心理上已經具備實施有系統的學校教育所必需的基本條件。這些就是神經系統比較堅固,神經疲勞程度比較早幾年減少,由此使兒童可以省去午睡,還有就是注意能力比較過去更为耐久。七歲兒童所達到的智力發展程度,和所積累的相當多的經驗,已使他能有基本的邏輯來討論問題,能對許多不複雜的現象作分析和     

关于理科教育的一种理论根据

关于理科教育的任何一种合理的理论根据必须包括教育目的、学科和一种学习的模型。 教育目的 关于学校应达到的目的,曾是许多论文的主题,但它们中间存在着争论和分歧。对这些争论本文将不涉及,但有一个是例外;这个例外就是美国教育政策委员会1961年报告书中扼要陈述的,即认为教育的中心目的是教学生思维。这一任务在该委员会的“美国教育的中心目的”论文中详细地阐述如下: