关于东亚的蛾眉蕨属某些种的分类问题

This paper deals with some species of Lunathyrium Koidz. in N. E. Asia; including the eastern mountainous district of N. E. China;  Far East Region of U. S. S. R.; Korea and Japan.     

Binary Pathfinder: An improvement to the Pathfinder algorithm

The Pathfinder algorithm is widely used to prune social networks. The pruning maintains the geodesic distances between nodes. It has shown itself to be very useful in the analysis of, amongst others, citations in BIS (bibliometrics, informetrics, and scientometrics). It has even been proposed for the online display of the search results in an information retrieval system. However, its great time and space complexity limits its use in real-time applications and in networks of any considerable size.The present work describes an improved algorithm with considerably reduced time and space complexity. Its lower execution costs thus increase its applicability both in real time and to large networks.     

Guarding the commons: how community managed software projects protect their work

Theorists often speculate why open source and free software project contributors give their work away. Although contributors make their work publicly available, they do not forfeit their rights to it. Community managed software projects protect their work by using several legal and normative tactics, which should not be conflated with a disregard for or neglect of intellectual property rights. These tactics allow a project’s intellectual property to be publicly and freely available and yet, governable. Exploration of this seemingly contradictory state may provide new insight into governance models for the management of digital intellectual property.     

Tumor marker requests in a general teaching Turkish hospital

Serum tumor markers may be requested inappropriately by clinicians. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate the appropriateness of TM requests in our hospital. Patients in the study were identified from the TM requests for 3 months between June–August 2004, using the laboratory database. A total of 2249 patients (1351 men, 898 women) were included in the study and there were 6570 TM requests. The number of requests were 1050 (16%) for Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9, 993 (15.1%) for Cancer Antigen 125, 941 (14.3%) for Prostate Specific Antigen, 921 (14%) for free PSA, 925 (14.1%) for Cancer Antigen 15-3, 788 (12%) for Alphafetoprotein, 730 (11.1%) for Carcinoembryonic Antigen and 222 (3.4%) for AFP/Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin. Our findings support the idea that for the evidence-based use of TM requests the education of clinical staff is required. Clear clinical guidelines including recommendations about the appropriate use of TM can be useful for this education process. Careful audit studies are also useful to determine the impact of these guidelines on the practice of evidence-based laboratory medicine.     

对于被子植物进化问题的述评

The current problems being studied by different authors of the evolution of angiosperms are reviewed in general. An analysis of the arguments on principles and methodology of the system of plant classification have been made.  We support the views put forward by the phylogenetic school and hold that phylogeny should be taken as the guiding principles upon which the classificational system of angiosperms should be built and as the ultimate aim of taxonomy. We disagree with the views of the phenetic school.  The course of evolution is a unity of the process of the origin and the development in its history and the process of dispersal of angiopserms on earth.  The contradiction of variability and heredity is the driving force in the evolu- tion of angiopserms, nay, of all organisms.      In the methodology we suggest that comparative analysis should ge hand in hand with the experimental synthesis.  In essence, the classification based on overall simi- larities or most numbers of attributes to determine the relationships between various groups of angi osperms is the deductive inference of formal logic. For the elucidation of the laws of the origin and development of angiosperms the method of analysis and synthesis of the dialectical logic should be adopted.      The progress of studies achieved in the origin and  angiopserms of particularly monocotyledons has been summarized, and the common points and discrepancies of the authors have also been pointed out. The tendency of further development in the stud- ies of the origin of angiosperms has been estimated.  All  branches  of botany  have acumulated a large amount of data.  Since 1960 some significant works have been done, especially on the origin and early evolution of angiosperms, which has been being the central problem of more intensive study challenging all botanist of different dis- ciplines today.      The review is concluded with a proposal that in order to do further research on the origin and early evolution of angiopserms, all branches of botany must cooperate, and main attention should be paid to the important groups which may play a key rolein the development of plant life on earth.     

MPS/CAS Partner Group on Nanostructured Materials

As one of the first Partner Groups which were initiated to foster scientific exchange and interaction between the Max Pianck Society (MPS) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Partner Group led by Lu Ke was established on April 1, 1999.During the past five years, the group has received substantial support from the CAS for equipment and from the MPS for personnel and travel expenses. Extensive and productive collaborations between the research staff and students of the Partner Group with several professors (departments) in the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research (MPI-MF) have led to significant advances in synthesis,mechanical properties, melting and superheating of nanostructured metals. The research is well recognized internationally and a substantial number of publications in high quality, peer-reviewed journals (including Science and Physical Review Letters) have resulted.     

External and internal representations in the acquisition and use of knowledge: visualization effects on mental model construction

This article investigates whether different formats of visualizing information result in different mental models constructed in learning from pictures, whether the different mental models lead to different patterns of performance in subsequently presented tasks, and how these visualization effects can be modified by further external representations during task performance. A total of 80 university students learned from an illustrated text different day times and different dates exist simultaneously on the earth. One half of the participants received the text combined with pictures visualizing the earth as a kind of carpet (carpet pictures), whereas the other half received the text combined with pictures visualizing the earth surface as a circle (circle pictures). After learning, the participants received a test including different kinds of tasks. In both visualization groups, one half of the participants solved the tasks with an additional external representation, whereas the other half solved the tasks without an external representation. The findings indicate that the form of visualization affects the structure of mental models. Different structures of mental models result in different patterns of performance, when individuals solve tasks based only on their mental representations acquired during their previous learning. However, these effects decrease, when further external representations are made available to the learners. The findings are discussed within a broader framework of learning with multiple external representations.     

How are the Perceptions of Learning Networks Shaped Among School Professionals and Headteachers at an Early Stage in their Introduction?

This paper draws on the findings of a research project funded by the Liverpool City of Learning consortium in the UK. The aim is to explore the process of introduction of ten authority wide learning networks, the impact these have on school professionals practice, the opportunities they offer for CPD and the extent to which they may impact on pupil learning. The research presented here draws on findings from a questionnaire distributed to school professionals and key issues emerging from their analysis point to the influence of national government agendas on school professionals’ interpretation of the purpose of the networks. They also point to the views of staff regarding the impact of the attainment agenda as well as the extent to which an increased emphasis on social inclusion and wider understandings of learning and achievement (which are less well represented by results-based performance monitoring) are having on their hopes for what Learning Networks might deliver. The expectations of staff of the opportunities offered by learning networks for long term professional development provide some interesting insights, and perhaps, some useful pointers as to how networks of this kind might develop in the future.