贵州梵净山水青冈林在地理分布上的意义

 In this paper, the distribution of three species of beech forests, regarding their position on differently facing slopas and at different elevations, as well as their pollen distribution, on Fanching Shan situated in  Kweichow  Province  in  South-eastern China is discussed.      It is the fact that (1) Being affected by the air currents of the Pacific Monsoon, and by its own topographic variation, the difference between the north and south slopes in its eastern and western flanks reflected on the plant communities by the humidity-warmth relationships (fig. 2, 3; tab. 2, 3, 4). (2) The patterns of the hori- zontal distribution of three species in China show that Fagus engleriana has a northern-most range, F. longipetiolata the southern-most range, while F. lucida is intermediate between them (fig. 5). (3) From the palynological analysis of the soil layers, the waxing and waning of the different tendencies of Fagus spp. on different slopes are rather prominent.      The discussion is made mainly as follows.  The relationship between the state of growth and humidity-warmth conditions is shown (fig. 6).  In accordance with the conditions of the vertical, horizonal and palynological distribution of beeches, we have tried to present a figure (fig. 7) which shows the waxing and waning tendencies of three species of Fagus historically, with respect to different slopes.  The southern slope of western flank (Ws) is now in a state moderate growth of Fagus longipetio- lata; in the past, there had been a period which saw this beech enjoying a gradual increase, but later on it began to wane till it reaches the present state.  The Wn slope had seen a gradual increase of Fagus lucida in the historical time (at the same time there was an accompanying slow increase of F. longipetiolata), till a certain period when the total number of beech pollen grains decreases gradually in the analysis; this is followed again by a slight increase, the last increase is apparently due to the fact that in spite of the decrease of F. lucida, there was a great increase in F. longi- petiolata.  The two effects combine to make the line of curve to lower rather than to rise.  The Es slope has in its historical past a period when beeches were favoured with a steady increase, and this tendency is apparently still in progress today, although it is approaching its culmination.  The En slope had seen Fagus engleriana in a slowly receding tendency, and sees it now almost in the process of being eli- minated, to be replaced by F. lucida.  Through the explanation given above, we have thereby an understanding about the relationship between the climatic changes in the historical time and the waxing and waning of the different beeches in both time andspace.     

Technological balance of payments and international competitiveness: The case of the Federal Republic of Germany

The so-called technological balance of payments has been widely and controversially discussed as an indicator of a country's performance in innovative activity and its role in the international transfer of technology. The main virtue of data on technological payments is usually ascribed to the fact that they are related to the output of innovative activity rather than to the input. And output indicators of innovative activity are in great demand in research on technical change, but in notoriously short supply.This paper examines the explanatory power of the technological balance of payments in the case of the West German economy. The drawbacks of West German data on the patents and licences account are discussed in detail. Then the patterns by industry and by country of the technological balance of payments are analyzed. Regarded across industries, a positive relationship is found between receipts — but not for payments — on patents and licences, on the one hand, and domestic R&D intensity, on the other. Technological payments seem to be closely related to foreign direct investment. For example, the bulk of payments to abroad is done by affiliates of foreign companies, to which only a very small fraction of receipts accrue. Taken together, there is no simple relationship between the technological balance of payments position and the innovativeness of countries. It would, therefore, be misleading to interprete the overall large deficit of the West German patents and licences account as an indicator of technological weakness. Furthermore, changes in the balance, particularly in recent years, suggest an increasing improvement.     

Education and self‐change

This paper explores three psychological theories of self – Kenneth Gergen's theory of the crystallised self, Carol Dweck's theory of the incremental self and William Swann's theory of the homeostatic self – for their ability to account for personal change in general, and radical self‐change in particular. Special attention is paid to their educational implications. The overall conclusion is that whereas all three theories provide important insights into self‐change, none of them gives a fully satisfying account.     

Primary and secondary teachers’ conceptions about heritage and heritage education: A comparative analysis

This study describes and analyses the conceptions of primary teachers and secondary teachers of Physics–Chemistry, Biology–Geology and Geography–History with respect to the concept of heritage and its teaching and learning, taking the model of teacher-researcher as the theoretical referent. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire, designed on the basis of categories that in turn were used for the analysis of the resulting data. The results show a high degree of homogeneity in pedagogic content knowledge, in contrast to the heterogeneity of the conceptions with respect to purely content knowledge.     

Development of higher education and employment in the Federal Republic of Germany

In the Federal Republic of Germany — as in many other industrialized countries higher education has, under the influence of social, economic and political forces, developed from a relatively small, selective and elite-oriented to a large system of mass education. The increasing number of students and university teachers, and the expansion of scientific and technological methods and knowledge has brought about claims for genuine organizational transformations and for massive financial resources. This development has created a number of severe problems in the relationship of the respective socio-economic and political sub-systems; in particular, the relationship between higher education and the labour market has to be considered as a vital but unresolved problem.This article gives a short account of the quantitative development of the German universities and the labour market in the last two decades. It also describes the organizational transformations which followed the federal framework law on higher education (Hochschulrahmengesetz) of January 1976, and deals with some aspects of research in relation to such problems.     

Teachers' embodied presence in online teaching practices

This study aims to examine teachers' embodiments online. The analysis is based on online ethnographic data from two online courses in higher education settings using different information and communication technologies. The perspective of practice theory and the concepts of being a body, having a body and the instrumental body were used to analyse how teachers step into an embodied presence. The embodied presence depends on both teacher judgements and what the technology offers. The finding adds to the understanding of the concept of teacher presence online, in showing that teacher embodiment occurs online and furthermore that the body could be understood as multiple. The result also shows how online and offline bodies hang together, actualising the offline body in the online setting, which in turn raises questions on the dualism of online and offline. Teachers also deliberately used their embodiments and bodily traces online in order to sustain presence and to bring about certain teaching practices. Their bodily positioning signalled what kind of teaching that would take place. A deliberate positioning of the online body in a virtual world also helped to reduce the complexity of the arrangements for the students.     

青年毛泽东与颜元的教育思想

青年毛泽东深受颜元教育思想的影响 ,在从事革命和教育活动的过程中 ,吸收了颜元教育思想的合理内核 ;可以说 ,既批判其糟粕 ,又继承其精华 ,这正是毛泽东对待中国传统文化所采取的正确态度。     

Gender differences in reading performance on documents across countries

Females are known to excel over males in most reading tasks, but notconsistently so in tasks that require processing information from maps,tables, charts and diagrams, so called `Documents'. The IEA ReadingLiteracy data provides possibilities to investigate gender differencesacross countries in such tasks in two age groups, 9-year-olds and14-year-olds. The general question about cultural influences vs. aninvariant pattern of gender differences is of great interest for genderresearch, and central in this study. The aim of the paper is to describeand analyze gender differences on Document tasks, and investigate if andhow the pattern of differences varies over countries. Another aim is todemonstrate the power of using a multivariate analysis technique bycontrasting it against traditional univariate approaches. The univariateanalysis indicates female advantage as the most common in the youngergroup and a mixed pattern in the older. The multivariate analysisindicate that Document tasks are not unidimensional, because bothgeneral and specific dimensions can be extracted from the raw scores.The traditional univariate analysis often disguised true patterns ofdifferences in the data, both in terms of country differences and interms of the direction of the gender differences. Raw score differencesbetween the genders proved to be due to differences in both general andpassage specific dimensions. Ten of the countries showed genderdifferences in both directions in the general dimension among9-year-olds, while an almost consistent pattern of female advantage wasfound among 14-years-olds. Many of the specific passage dimensionsturned out to favor either males or females. This complex pattern variedover both age groups and across countries, although commonalities in thepattern among subgroups of countries were common.