Ischemic preconditioning enhances critical power during a 3 minute all-out cycling test

This study tested the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) would increase critical power (CP) during a 3 minute all-out cycling test. Twelve males completed two 3 minute all-out cycling tests, in a crossover design, separated by 7 days. These tests were preceded by IPC (4 x 5 minute intervals at 220 mmHg bilateral leg occlusion) or SHAM treatment (4 x 5 minute intervals at 20 mmHg bilateral leg occlusion). CP was calculated as the mean power output during the final 30 s of the 3 minute test with W′ taken as the total work done above CP. Muscle oxygenation was measured throughout the exercise period. There was a 15.3 ± 0.3% decrease in muscle oxygenation (TSI; [Tissue saturation index]) during the IPC stimulus, relative to SHAM. CP was significantly increased (241 ± 65 W vs. 234 ± 67 W), whereas W′ (18.4 ± 3.8 vs 17.9 ± 3.7 kJ) and total work done (TWD) were not different (61.1 ± 12.7 vs 60.8 ± 12.7 kJ), between the IPC and SHAM trials. IPC enhanced CP during a 3 minute all-out cycling test without impacting W′ or TWD. The improved CP after IPC might contribute towards the effect of IPC on endurance performance.     

From the science of science to Scientometrics visualizing the history of science with HistCite software

While ISSI was founded in 1993, Scientometrics and Bibliometrics are now at least half a century old. Indeed, the field can be traced to early quantitative studies in the early 20th century. In the 1930s, it evolved to the “science of science.” The publication of J.D. Bernal's Social Function of Science in 1939 was a key transition point but the field lay dormant until after World War II, when D.J.D. Price's books Science Since Babylon and Little Science, Big Science were published in 1961 and 1963. His role as the “Father of Scientometrics” is clearly evident by using the HistCite software to visualize his impact as well as the subsequent impact of the journal Scientometrics on the growth of the field. Scientometrics owes its name to V.V. Nalimov, the author of Naukometriya, and to Tibor Braun who adapted the neologism for the journal. The primordial paper on citation indexing by Garfield which appeared in Science 1955 became a bridge between Bernal and Price. The timeline for the evolution of Scientometrics is demonstrated by a HistCite tabulation of the ranked citation index of the 100,000 references cited in the 3000 papers citing Price.     

Learning Sequences in the Acquisition of Mathematical Knowledge: Using Cognitive Developmental Theory to Inform Curriculum Design for Pre-K–6 Mathematics Education

ABSTRACT—Using Central Conceptual Structure theory as an heuristic, learning sequences in the acquisition of number knowledge are described in three forms that bridge theory and practice: as a four-stage theoretical progression, as items on a developmental test created to test the theoretical progression, and as learning objectives in a curriculum designed to teach math concepts and skills implied in the theoretical progression. Other aspects of the theory that were used to create teaching methods and materials for the Number Worlds curriculum are also described, as are some of the outcomes of this theory-based program.     

University and College Counselors as Athletic Team Consultants: Using a Structural Family Therapy Model

Increasingly, university and college counselors are sought out by their institution's sports coaches for assistance in achieving team goals. Traditional sport psychology models that have the individual athlete as their primary focus are insufficient frameworks for team‐level consultations. The authors believe that systemic approaches may provide an effective alternative. In this article, the authors offer and illustrate S. Minuchin's (1974) Structural Family Therapy as a heuristic model for conceptualizing and intervening with athletic teams.     

Theoretical and experimental study of through-wall microwave tomography inverse problems

We consider the problem of building structure estimation using microwave ray tomography. A Bayesian formulation is developed, and a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure is used to sample the posterior distribution, which is based on a data likelihood defined in terms of a residual misfit between observed and predicted waveforms. To accelerate model optimization, a simulated annealing approach is combined with the MCMC, using specific model moves to explore each component of the model space. Our approach is applicable to data acquired in the frequency or time domain and for monostatic or bistatic acquisition modes. Experimental data for a multi-wall laboratory test structure were acquired using a horn antenna connected to a vector network analyzer and used to validate both the forward model and the inversion approach. Although, in true remote sensing problems for building structure, the model order is usually unknown, in this initial study, the actual inversion experiment is performed in a reduced-dimension model space for which a subset of the variables are taken as known or fixed. Generalization to the variable-dimension problem can be achieved by using reversible jump MCMC sampling procedures.     

The affective lives of doubled-up Latinx youth: Influences of school experiences,familism, and ethnic identity exploration

Doubled-up Latinx youth experience many daily challenges associated with ethnic minority status and residential instability. Doubled-up youth share housing with noncustodial caregivers such as friends and/or extended family members primarily because of economic hardship and a breakdown in available parental support. Using data from baseline and 10 days of twice-a-day surveys, this study examined how in-school positive experiences, familism (i.e., a perspective that gives precedence to the family), and ethnic identity (i.e., affirmation, exploration, and resolution) influence after school positive (e.g., feeling joyful/happy) and negative (e.g., feeling stressed/anxious) affect among doubled-up Latinx youth (70% female; M_age = 16.5). Results indicate that in-school positive experiences were associated with more after school positive affect and less after school negative affect. In addition, youth with higher levels of familism reported experiencing less after school negative affect. However, gender moderated the relation of ethnic identity exploration and experiences of after school positive affect. Specifically, females with higher levels of ethnic identity exploration reported relatively lower levels of after school positive affect compared with males. Overall, study findings highlight the importance of both person-level and varying contextual influences on the affective lives of doubled-up Latinx youth.     

Increased reliability of an objective personality measure for children

The Missouri Children's Picture Series (MCPS) is explored as an assessment tool for boys in residential treatment. Extreme ease of administration is an attractive feature of the test. Boys in treatment usually have shown low test-retest reliability, in contrast to other populations. Higher, significant reliability was obtained in the present study by a split-deck procedure. It is suggested that the test is better administered to disturbed boys in two sittings, to offset their distractibility and short attention span. Under these conditions, the test can be applied to future work with this type of subject population.     

Special educators' perceptions of parental participation in the individual education plan process

Special educators were queried about their perceptions of parent involvement in the individual education plan (IEP) process. Specific research questions focused on parents' participation level and their role in the IEP process. One hundred forty-five special education teachers, of all disability categories and from 6 states, were surveyed. Results showed a diversity of opinion over practices, processes, and attitudes regarding the IEP process, despite their purported familiarity since the inception of PL 94-142.