西方世界教育改革的趋向——当前的争论

这篇文章企图向广大读者介绍现代盛行于西方世界高度工业化的商品经济国家里教育改革和教育更广阔地发展的主要特点和观点。此文以六十年代丰富的教育遗产为背景,并且考查了社会、经济、历史和政治上的因素,这些因素在它们特有的民族文化的体系中,对各自教育体系的发展具有传统的影响。但是现在比过去突出地提出一个统一的教育结构,这种发展意味深长地超越了国家的界线。     

V.克列依尔的三级跳远训练

V.克列依尔是苏联三级跳远的国家教练,也是萨涅耶夫的教练,他论述了三级跳运的选才,技术和训练问题。     

精选的糖类饮料对长时间自行车运动能力及糖元利用的影响

试验以8名受过良好训练的男性自行车运动员为对象。研究目的在于确定摄取糖类物质对运动能力及肌糖元利用的影响。每次试验前二天,受许者以70％的最大吸氧量为强度,进行60分钟的“排空蹬骑”。随后摄取高糖膳食(500克/天)。在正式实验中,受试者进行2     

Long-term trends in home advantage in professional team sports in North America and England (1876-2003)

Home advantage is quantitatively defined and calculated for each season since the start of the main professional sports in North America and England. Over 400,000 games are analysed. The leagues represented are the National League (1876-2002) and American League (1901-2002) for baseball, the National Hockey League (1917-2003) for ice hockey, the National Football League (1933-2002) for American football, the National Basketball Association (1946-2003) for basketball, and the four levels of professional football, formerly called the Football League, in England (1888-2003). Problems caused by unbalanced playing schedules are considered. The results are presented graphically to show long-term trends and sudden changes. The highest levels of home advantage for all sports were in their early years of existence. Home advantage in ice hockey, basketball and football in England has declined over the last two decades. In baseball there has been very little change over the last 100 years, with home advantage consistently lower than in other sports. There was a large drop in home advantage in football in England following the 7-year suspension of the league during the Second World War. The trends and changes provide some evidence that travel and familiarity contribute to home advantage, but little in support of crowd effects.     

Stress in elite sport performers: a comparative study of competitive and organizational stressors

The purpose of this study was to compare the content and quantity of competitive and organizational stressors in elite athletes. Ten international performers were interviewed about sources of stress. Content analysis of the data involved categorizing the demands associated primarily and directly with competitive performance (#CS = 21) under the post hoc dimension "performance issues", and the demands associated primarily and directly with the sport organization (#OS = 72) under one of the following four post hoc dimensions: "environmental issues", "personal issues", "leadership issues" and "team issues". Frequency analysis revealed that the participants mentioned the competitive stressors (sigma = 95) less than the organizational stressors (sigma = 215). Further analysis within these categories showed that the mean number of participants citing individual competitive stressors (M = 4.52) was greater than the mean number of participants citing individual organizational stressors (M = 2.99). The findings indicate that elite athletes experience and recall more demands associated primarily and directly with the sport organization than with competitive performance. Furthermore, this population appears more likely to mention similar competitive stressors but varied organizational stressors, probably because the former are inherent and endemic to elite sport, whereas the latter are essentially extraneous and widely distributed.     

Stability of pedalling mechanics during a prolonged cycling exercise performed at different cadences

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of pedalling rate on the pattern of mechanical torque application and on neuromuscular fatigue during prolonged cycling exercise. Eleven well-trained individuals performed three 1-h pedalling sessions, at 50 rev.min-1, 110 rev.min-1 and a freely chosen cadence, at an intensity corresponding to 65% of their maximal aerobic power. The mechanical torque applied on the right pedal was recorded for 30 s every 5 min while pedalling. Contractile and neural properties of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles were analysed before and immediately after each of the three pedalling sessions. The post-exercise reduction in knee extensors maximal voluntary contraction was significant (P<0.01) irrespective of the cadence, but no difference was found between cadences. The use of a particular cadence did not lead to preferentially central or peripheral fatigue. An increase in cadence resulted in greater positive and negative work generated during pedalling. The mechanical pattern was not altered during the exercise, whatever the selected cadence. The present study demonstrates that despite the occurrence of neuromuscular fatigue, trained individuals maintained a stable pedalling pattern throughout an endurance cycling exercise for cadences ranging from 50 to 110 rev.min-1.     

Full-body kinematic characteristics of the maximal instep soccer kick by male soccer players and parameters related to kick quality

Many studies try to understand fundamental soccer skills, most focusing on kicking. However, a full picture of an efficient kick remains incomplete owing to constraints of test designs and difficulties that arise in synchronizing and analyzing information generated by multiple assessment techniques. Previous scientific studies may be generally categorized as: two-dimensional kinematic analysis using high-speed cameras, muscle activity studies using electromyography, three-dimensional analysis of the kicking-leg using a partial-body model, and kinetic studies using force measurements and modelling. No existing inquiries have used full-body three-dimensional motion capture and modelling to examine kicking. The current study remedies this deficiency and defines a full-body model capable of revealing more detailed characteristics of kicking. Additionally, it reveals effects of long-term training by comparing novices with skilled athletes and explores new parameters that have potential to aid quantitative evaluations of skill. Results show effective upper-body movement to be a key factor in creating better initial conditions for a more explosive muscle contraction during kicking. It permits a more powerful quasi whip-like movement of the kicking leg. Finally, the timely change of distance between the kick-side hip and the non-kick-side shoulder provides a quantitative means of measuring kick quality.     

Client value models provide a framework for rational library planning (or, phrasing the answer in the form of a question)

Libraries often do not know how clients value their product/ service offerings. Yet at a time when the mounting costs for library support are increasingly difficult to justify to the parent institution, the library's ability to gauge the value of its offerings to clients has never been more critical. Client Value Models (CVMs) establish a common definition of value elements-or a "value vocabulary"-for libraries and their clients, thereby providing a basis upon which to make rational planning decisions regarding product/service acquisition and development. The CVM concept is borrowed from business and industry, but its application has a natural fit in libraries. This article offers a theoretical consideration and practical illustration of CVM application in libraries.