关于用狄利克莱级数表示的解析函数的级

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Validity of indirect assessment of writing competency for deaf and hard-of-hearing college students

Indirect tests of writing competency are often used at the college level for a variety of educational, programmatic, and research purposes. Although such tests may have been validated on hearing populations, it cannot be assumed that they validly assess the writing competency of deaf and hard-of-hearing students. This study used a direct criterion measure of writing competency to determine the criterion validity of two indirect measures of writing competency. Results suggest that the validity of indirect writing tests for deaf and hard-of-hearing baccalaureate-level students is weak. We recommend that direct writing tests be used with this population to ensure fair and accurage assessment of writing competency.     

Infants' use of synchronized visual information to separate streams of speech

In 4 studies, 7.5-month-olds used synchronized visual-auditory correlations to separate a target speech stream when a distractor passage was presented at equal loudness. Infants succeeded in a segmentation task (using the head-turn preference procedure with video familiarization) when a video of the talker's face was synchronized with the target passage (Experiment 1, N = 30). Infants did not succeed in this task when an unsynchronized (Experiment 2, N = 30) or static (Experiment 3, N = 30) face was presented during familiarization. Infants also succeeded when viewing a synchronized oscilloscope pattern (Experiment 4, N = 26), suggesting that their ability to use visual information is related to domain-general sensitivities to any synchronized auditory-visual correspondence.     

瑞典溢洪道设计洪水 第一部分 新指南

将对瑞典大坝和溢洪道设计洪水的估算提出一种新指南。其重点是针对那些危险性较大的水坝。其方法是根据流域面积大小、季节和海拨高程等因素将地区设计降水系列作修改后,应用较完整的水文模型求设计洪水。水库的运行规则也是指南的一个基本部分。通过将设计降水系列系统地插入到十年气候实测资料中,再将初始的积雪用统计的30年积雪代替后,可找到产洪因子的最危险组合。新指南可应用于单一水库系统也可用于水库群所组成的较复杂的水电系统。既可适用融雪洪水也可适用暴雨洪水,以及两者混合的洪水。为了研究所求洪水的频率和避免地区的不协调性,将计算洪水与实测洪水进行了广泛的比较,还进行了频率分析。     

Catch-up growth assessment in long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool age male children

OBJECTIVE: To assess the catch-up growth of long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool male children who have entered foster residential care and remained 1 year after initial placement. METHOD: Longitudinal study over a 7-year period (1994-2001). So that a child was eligible for the study, three selection criteria were included: (1) aged between 24 and 48 months at the time of entry into residential facility, (2) having suffered both long-term (more than 6 months) physically neglected and emotionally abused, and (3) having stayed in foster care for 1 year after initial placement. Weight, height, and head circumference were established upon entry and re-assessed 1 year after initial placement, calculating the annual growth velocity. Results were compared with normal regional longitudinal standards of reference (Z score). Student's t test was used to assess statistically significant differences. RESULTS: During the study period, 87 children aged between 24 and 48 months (54 male/33 female) were admitted to residential facility after having suffered both long-term physical neglect and emotional abuse. Nevertheless, only 20 children (23% of the total admissions) met the third selection criteria (having remained 1 year after initial placement). Of these children, all were males and at placement they were between the ages of 30 and 42 months, with an average age of 36 months (1.9 SD). At placement, the analyzed parameters were below the normal standards, showing a statistically significant difference for height (Z score = -1.29; p = .008) and weight (Z score = -.75; p = .038). The annual growth velocity for all parameters was above the normal standards showing a statistically significant difference for height (Z score = +1.43; p = .009). One year after initial placement, the significant differences for height (Z score = -.68; p = .102) and weight (Z score = -.31; p = .435) with respect to the normal standards disappeared, though still remained below, showing a significant catch-up growth for height (improvement height Z = +.61 SD). CONCLUSIONS: At placement, the both long-term physically neglected and emotionally abused preschool age male children showed a mild form of chronic malnutrition with growth failure. Growth failure was reversible after the first year of stay, which demonstrates that this delay in growth was secondary to nutritional and psychosocial factors. Placement in foster residential care was beneficial for the catch-up growth of these patients.     

作为国际商品的知识和教育:国家共同利益的消解

知识和教育作为商品在国际上买卖容易使国家公共利益的价值观在这种过程中被消解 ,教育毕竟不是简单的商品 ,它承载着一个国家共同的东西 :文化、历史、民主价值观等等。因此有必要以一种平衡的视觉来对全球化进行审视。作者认为 ,知识教育的全球化使得维持一定的学术标准变得更加困难 ,“出售”的教育质量的确保也就成了未知数 ;教育市场的开放加深了高等教育领域的不平等 ,“马太效应”必然会出现于高等教育市场 ,使得发展中国家面临着被清除出局的危险。新的新殖民地主义者———跨国集团、媒介巨头和一些主要的大学销售各种各样的知识产品来垄断商业利益 ,弱势国家在全球范围内失去了知识和文化的自治。面对这种种挑战 ,作者认为在认同知识的国际化和合作以及承认国家之间高等教育不平等的现实的前提下 ,应该反对强迫落后国家受制于巨大的不平等市场 ,反对发达国家掠夺发展中国家的学术机构和学术体系在有关课程、质量标准方面的决策权。而世界贸易组织及其服务贸易总协定的介入必然会加重这种现象 ,很显然他们应有的态度是与此保持一定的距离     

战争用的机器

在这个骚乱的时代,一个由野蛮的外来迁徙者发起混乱的时代,战争不再排外,而成了各民族生存的共同法则。在经历了几个时代的骚乱后,第一个文明开始确立,这时大多数人已将精力用于建设而不再是掠夺。在公元前2000年早期,尽管一些部落已确立了文明的边界,不再好勇斗狠,但是没有人敢于忽略对于战争的研究。今后,研究者将放弃对此的精密性研究,伟大的发现将是新的破坏模式。战争武器的第一次突破是那     

一名啦啦队队员的申诉

多年来,人们一直认为"典型的"啦啦队队员是一个金发、厌食、傻傻的流浪女,她分不清左右。大家总想着,一名啦啦队队员最关心的两件事,就是她自己和她为之助威的男生们。至于我,我是一名热爱运动的初中生,喜欢做啦啦队的工作。我每天不得不面对成见和玩笑,因为人们的看     

Mother-child mutually responsive orientation and conscience development: from toddler to early school age

We examined whether positive implications of mother-child mutually responsive orientation, demonstrated earlier at toddler and preschool age, extend longitudinally into early school age. The focus of the present study was on the long-term consequences of mutually responsive orientation for the development of conscience. Mutually responsive orientation encompassed shared cooperation and shared positive affect between mother and child. It was measured as a composite of those qualities observed in dyadic naturalistic interactions and reported by mothers, at toddler and preschool age. Children's conscience was assessed at early school age (N = 83) using multiple measures, including observations of moral behavior, alone and in the peer context, and moral cognition. Mother-child mutually responsive orientation at toddler and preschool ages predicted children's future conscience, even after controlling for the developmental continuity of conscience. Model-fitting analyses revealed that mutually responsive orientation at toddler age had a direct effect on future conscience, not mediated by such orientation at preschool age. The findings extend those of earlier work that revealed the importance of mother-child mutually responsive orientation for socialization, and they confirm the value of the relationship approach to social development, including long-term outcomes.