审美认同、种族与美国民间音乐

本文运用审美认同的概念来探究音乐类型、社会运动与种族认同之间的关系。在20世纪的美国,其民间音乐在某个时期会破坏黑人与白人之间的绝对边界,而在另一个时期又强化了这种边界。审美认同是艺术类型与社会群体的文化结盟,借助这种结盟,群体就会感觉到某种艺术类型是代表了＂我们的＂或者＂他们的＂艺术、音乐和文学。这样,艺术类型的边界就成了社会的边界。民间音乐颠覆了艺术类型与社会边界的这种常规关系。民间音乐总是一些＂他者＂的文化,或者是种族的、地区的、阶级的文化,或者是民族的文化。在被叫作民间音乐之前,美国的本土音乐更多地体现了种族的完整性而不是其社会性,它是占支配地位的欧洲音乐和主要受非洲音乐影响的音乐相互混合的产物,但是又很好的表现了这两者。在商业唱片时代之前,黑人和白人音乐家们唱着同样的音乐,相互学习歌唱技巧和歌曲,并且共享一个表演的社会空间。民间音乐的概念是由学术精英创造出来的,但直到20世纪30年代到40年代后期,当有组织的左派把它当作一个文化事业时,它对大多数人来说仍然是陌生的。无论是学术精英还是政治活动家都将艺术类型建构成另一种种族化的艺术类型,而商业唱片工业又以＂种族唱片＂和＂山地音乐＂将之双重化。在那个特定的种族极端化的时代,美国的共产主义者和他们的同盟者非常有意识的使用民间音乐作为一种加强种族团结的工具。由于麦卡锡主义的压制,直到20世纪60年代,民间音乐作为种族统一的类型而得到复兴,但迅速被白人化了。为什么民间音乐的复兴与白人有关,我的解释是有三个因素：连续商业化的种族遗产;新左派不能像老左派那样有效地通过文化设施来控制音乐;在某个时候,当黑人努力要进入白人中产阶级青年所抵制的体制中时,一种把民间音乐理解为＂他者＂音乐的文化动力。     

垃圾猫看书

垃圾猫很想成为一只有品位的猫。"裤G,你是编杂志的人,我想请教你一个问题。"裤G正在低头看书,他头也不抬地说:"垃圾猫,你可千万别问我那些垃圾问题哟!""我今天问的可是非常重要的问题。请问,怎样才能成为一只很有品位的猫?"     

键盘上的垃圾猫

裤G整天在电脑前忙个不停,垃圾猫很好奇,经常会跳到电脑桌上来,对着显示屏看来看去。 “去去去,别影响我工作!”裤G每次都不耐烦地把垃圾猫赶走。这天,裤G忙了半天,打好了一篇文章,站起身,上厕所去了。     

世界级大学的代价和好处

大学要想进入世界级的行列,是要花很大代价的。对获取世界级地位的过分强调,也许会败坏一所大学甚至是整个学术体制。各国在制定高教发展规划中,应采取一种客观而现实的策略,即集中力量建设一些跟本国或本地区的经济社会密切相关的“国家级”或“地区级”的学术机构,而不是一味地追逐“世界级”。     

The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the role that social support plays in well-being and in coping after a stressful event in a group of non-clinical adolescents. Furthermore, this study aimed at replicating the finding that adolescents who reported sexual abuse reported more symptoms and less adequate coping strategies than adolescents who reported another type of stressful event or no stressful episode. METHOD: Eight hundred and twenty adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age filled out questionnaires assessing social support (Social Support Questionnaire, Sarason, Shearin, Pierce, & Sarason, 1987), trauma-related symptoms (Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, Briere, 1996), behavior problems (Youth Self-Report, Achenbach, 1991), and coping (How I Cope Under Pressure Scale, Ayers, Sandler, West, & Roosa, 1996). RESULTS: 42% of the adolescents reported a stressful experience, and 4.4% reported sexual abuse. Sexually abused adolescents reported more stress-related symptoms and used more avoidance and fewer support-seeking coping strategies than the other adolescents. The main-effect hypothesis of social support was sustained, but social support did not moderate the relation between a stressful event and coping. Yet, a trend was found suggesting that high support from the family was associated with less avoidance coping and more support-seeking in adolescents who reported a non-sexually abusive, stressful event. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that a highly perceived availability of social support is directly associated with fewer trauma-related symptoms, especially in adolescents who are non-sexually abused. For adolescents who reported a sexual or another type of stressful event, social support did not play a different role in coping.     

Changes in stimulus salience as a result of stimulus preexposure: Evidence from aversive and appetitive testing procedures

In two experiments, rats received preexposure to three compound flavor stimuli, AX, BX, and CX, where X represents a saline solution. AX and BX were presented in alternation; CX, on a separate block of trials. The value of X was then modified, being devalued by aversive conditioning in Experiment 1, and rendered valuable by the induction of a state of salt need in Experiment 2. When given a choice between BX and CX, the rats consumed more of BX than of CX in Experiment 1, and more of CX than of BX in Experiment 2, suggesting that B and C differed in their ability to modulate the response governed by the X element. It was suggested that blocked preexposure to CX reduces the salience of the C stimulus but that the salience of B is maintained by preexposure in which BX is alternated with AX. The implications of this result for the phenomenon of perceptual learning are discussed.     

高等教育国际化的前景展望:动因与现实

作为当今世界不可逆转的趋势,全球化推动了高等教育国际化的进程,促成了高等教育成为国际自由贸易的一个重要组成部分,并使得营利性高等教育部门的影响力不断扩大。由于高等教育的优势资源主要集中在发达国家,少数发达国家主导了高等教育的国际化,并从中获得了大部分的经济利益,而中等收入国家和发展中国家则扮演了高等教育的购买国。最新的研究表明,虽然新的机会和潜在的利益与风险并存,但国际化仍然是未来世界高等教育发展的主要趋势。