Complementary feeding patterns among ethnic groups in rural western China

Objective

This study investigated complementary feeding practices among four ethnic groups (Han, Uygur, Tibetan, and Zhuang) based on a cross-sectional survey in rural western China.

Methods

In 2005, a stratified multistage cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 9712 children (7411 Han, 1032 Uygur, 678 Tibetan, and 591 Zhuang) between 6 and 35 months of age and their mothers from 45 counties in 10 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) in western China.

Results

The rates of early introduction (before 6 months) of complementary foods in four ethnic groups (Han, Uygur, Tibetan, and Zhuang) were 71.30%, 95.95%, 82.40%, and 72.30%, respectively. The Infant and Child Feeding Index (ICFI) for Uygur and Tibetan children was lower than that for Han children at all age groups. Uygur children were more likely to have unqualified ICFI compared with Han children in a multivariate logistic regression (odds ratio (OR)=5.138, 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.340–6.084). A higher level of maternal education, greater family wealth, and the availability of complementary feeding educational materials decreased the likelihood of an unqualified ICFI. The nutritional status of children (Han, Tibetan, and Zhuang) with qualified ICFI was better than that for children with unqualified ICFI.

Conclusions

Appropriate interventions are required to improve complementary feeding practices in rural western China.

     

Enhancing cellular immune response to HBV M DNA vaccine in mice by codelivery of interleukin-18 recombinant

Objective: To investigate the effect of interleukin-18 (IL-18) on immune response induced by plasmid encoding hepatitis B virus middle protein antigen and to explore new strategies for prophylactic and therapeutic HBV DNA vaccines. Methods: BALB/c mice were immunized with pCMV-M alone or co-immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M and then their sera were collected for analysing anti-HBsAg antibody by ELISA; splenocytes were isolated for detecting specific CTL response and cytokine assay in vitro. Results: The anti-HBs antibody level of mice co-immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M was slightly higher than that of mice immunized with pCMV-M alone, but there was not significantly different (P>0.05). Compared with mice injected with pCMV-M, the specific CTL cytotoxity activity of mice immunized with pcDNA3-18 and pCMV-M was significantly enhanced (P<0.05) and the level of IFN-γ in supernatant of splenocytes cultured with HBsAg in vitro was significantly elevated (P<0.05) while the level of IL-4 had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: The plasmid encoding IL-18 together with HBV M gene DNA vaccines may enhance specific TH1 cells and CTL cellular immune response induced in mice, so that IL-18 is a promising immune adjuvant.     

自我价值保护与小学生的成败归因

人们常对自己的成败进行归因。早在1976年，斯奈德等是学家就通过研究发现，人们倾向于将成功解释为自由身内在的一些因素所造成；而将失败归因于外部因素。即人们的归因受到自我价值保护的影响。本研究是通过问卷 形式对小学生的学业成绩进行归因，以期了解社会性发民菜并不成熟的未成年人是否也存在此种现象，并最终证明归因受到自我价值保护这种现象在小学中已产生了萌芽，其产生早晚与表现强弱和儿童的社会性发展密切相关。     

浅议现金流量

现金流量是一家企业或某个特定项目在一定时期或现金流量计算期内的现金流入、流出的数量及其净额,无论是一家企业一定时期内的现金流量,还是一个特定投资项目计算期内的现金流量,一般都采用以年为单位计算现金流量的方法编制现金流量表.现金流量表分为企业现金流量表和投资项目现金流量表,二者具有相同点也有不同点.现金流量有其变化规律,认识现金流量的变化规律有重要意义.     

浅议加强高职院校档案管理

加强档案管理对提升高职学院整体办学管理水平，为教育教学和学院的建设发展服务具有十分重要的意义。高职院校的档案管理存在一些不容忽视的问题，应从加强领导、提高人员素质，稳定队伍、实行现代化以及健全制度等方面进一步加强高职院校档案管理。     

关于欠发达地区科技力量提升与公务员队伍发展的思考

如何开发新的人力资源提高我国西部地区的经济发展水平是人们普遍关心的问题，本文从西部地区科技力量提升和公务员进入经济流通领域分析入手，认为公务员队伍是欠发达地区重要的人力资源，是引导农民进入经济开发主战场的唯一力量。本文提出对欠发达地区的公务员队伍应有二元政策，同时认为二元政策发展中国西部经济的核心问题是人的问题，人的理解与思考，人力资源的开发与利用；是科技发展的问题，科学技术水平的普遍提高，技术成果中科技含量的普遍增加，是观念的进一步更新的问题，观念从地方经济发展的圈子中彻底摆脱出来，能够在一定视角下对西部地方经济有全新的思维，能够在全国经济发展的背景中看到西部经济的出路，能够既有战略眼光，又有战略胆识与气魄；是文化素质普遍提高的问题，文化素质从低水平状况向高水平发展，使之不再成为经济发展的制约因素和影响西部广大群众彻底摆脱贫困的最大障碍。     

论“北歌南灯”之特征及其差异

东北秧歌、陕北秧歌,安徽花鼓灯和云南花灯,是“北歌南灯”的重要代表。“北歌南灯”的舞步、舞姿等动律特征和舞具特征反映了汉族民俗舞的南北差异。同时,通过各地区民俗舞之间的交互影响甚至是直接的播迁、传承,又使“北歌南灯”在许多地方保持了一致性。     

知识准入课程的博弈过程分析

在决定什么知识能够准入课程，什么知识必须被排斥在课程之外的问题上，支配集团掌握着绝对的话语权。但被支配集团也试图以自己的方式争夺其话语权。由此，知识准入课程并不是一个由支配集团单向独断、单方建构的过程，而是不同利益群体争相在课程中获得话语权的博弈过程，其间充满了斗争、冲突与妥协。课程，就是不同利益群体多次博弈后妥协的结果。     

提高活性石灰回转窑小法兰使用寿命的探讨与实践

通过对小法兰使用现状的分析，得出小法兰的主要失效形式表现为它与筒体间的焊缝出现裂纹、小法兰盘面变形等现象。综合对小法兰与筒体材料的可焊性、外力作用对结构材料的影响、高温环境对焊接结构及焊接接头的影响等方面的分析，提出了改善小法兰与筒体焊接结构和焊接质量以提高小法兰使用寿命的主要对策与实践。