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PROBLEM: Various demographic and community characteristics are associated with child abuse rates in national and urban samples, but similar analyses have not been done within rural areas. This study analyzes the relationships between reported and substantiated rates of child abuse and county demographic, health care resource and social services factors in a predominantly rural state in the US. METHODS: County-level data from Iowa between 1984-1993 were analyzed for associations between county characteristics and rates of child abuse using univariate correlations and multivariate stagewise regression analysis. Population-adjusted rates of reported and substantiated child abuse were correlated with rates of children in poverty, single-parent families, marriage and divorce, unemployment, high-school dropouts, median family income, elder abuse, birth and death rates, numbers of physicians and other healthcare providers, hospital, social workers, and number of caseworkers in the Department of Human Services. RESULTS: Rates of single-parent families, divorce and elder abuse were significantly associated with reported and substantiated child abuse in multivariate analysis, while economic and most health care factors were not. Reporting and substantiation rates differed across districts after adjustment for multiple factors including caseworker workload. CONCLUSIONS: In this rural state, family structure is more significantly associated with child abuse report and substantiation rates than are socioeconomic factors. The level of health care resources in a county does not appear to affect these rates. 相似文献
154.
Gerald W. Hales 《Instructional Science》1973,2(3):295-310
Since January 1972, the Open University has been operating a project for the undergraduate education of the growing number of hearing-impaired students. These students face psychological, social and linguistic problems and other difficulties which arise from their isolation in the world, their limited ability to communicate and their educational background.So far, the project has been able to offer support in terms of education (special tutorials, discussions, etc.), communication (special equipment, interpreters, trained personnel) and what may be termed psycho-social therapy (counselling, technical help, general support). In many of the students, this has led to an increase of self-confidence and an improvement in the ability to communicate, as well as in educational achievements. This paper describes the work which has been done, and is being done, by the Open University project, for a very neglected sector of the disabled community.Open University 相似文献
155.
Wendy Drewery Gerald Monk 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1994,17(4):303-313
Social constructionism is fast gaining currency as a major theory of social and personal change. Although its origins are in philosophy and sociology, social constructionism has major implications for psychology, and in particular, for applied psychology. This paper looks at some of the poststructuralist assumptions which underpin social constructionism, contrasting these with some of the major beliefs upon which much of humanistic psychology is based. It argues that many of the practices of liberal humanistic psychology are fundamentally pessimistic, in that they essentialise aspects of the self and the personality, suggesting strategies of adaptation rather than personal transformation. Further, the absence of an adequate psychological theory of context renders applied psychology all but helpless in confronting issues of power and social control. Poststructuralist theory suggests ways of theorising human interactions without denying agency, or indeed, claiming too much. The paper suggests ways in which counsellors are well placed to take theoretical and practical advantage of these perspectives.A version of this paper was presented at the Conference of the International Round Table for the Advancement of Counselling, Auckland, New Zealand, August 1993. 相似文献
156.
Sixty-eight graduate students made general and specific ratings of the quality of 12 classroom test items, which varied in difficulty and discrimination. Four treatment combinations defined two additional factors: group discussion/no group discussion of test items and exposure/no exposure to an instructional module on test item construction. The students rated the items differentially, depending not only on item difficulty level but also on item discriminative power. The group discussion and exposure to module factors had significant effects on the general item ratings only. Implications of the research were discussed. 相似文献
157.
The National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect was a major, government sponsored effort to collect data on reported and unreported child abuse. It used a systematic representative sample methodology and very precisely developed definitions of child abuse. This paper reviews some of the main limitations of the study in regard to findings on sexual abuse. First, there is probably less “new” data in the study on sexual abuse than on other forms of abuse, since so many of the study cases of sexual abuse were “officially reported” cases. In addition, the study limited its definition of sexual abuse only to cases where a caretaker was the perpetrator, a definition that is much more restrictive than what is used in many treatment programs. Finally, the data on perpetrators has a number of problems that stem from the study's definitions of sexual abuse. The paper makes suggestions for future incidence type studies of sexual abuse. 相似文献
158.
This study investigates the future role of the community colleges in a southeastern state. Presidents, deans of instruction, deans of student services, representative department chairmen, state community college administrators, and educators in a state university formed a panel of 100 respondents in a four iteration delphi study. The panel rated the importance of meeting seven major demands: physical facilities, financial bases, curricula needs, system coordination, student services, personnel needs, and accountability, and also evaluated the importance of about 60 specific research projects. The use of multivariate techniques showed that: (1) agreement was obtained on the importance of meeting the major demands, (2) the importance of the various demands are differentially related to concerns about major types of research, and (3) there are significant differences between types of decision-makers on the needs for various types of research. These results show the need of additional efforts to obtain agreement concerning research priorities. They also reveal the relative predispositions of the various groups of decision-makers concerning research needs. 相似文献
159.
Tondeur Jo Petko Dominik Christensen Rhonda Drossel Kerstin Starkey Louise Knezek Gerald Schmidt-Crawford Denise A. 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2021,69(4):2187-2208
Educational technology research and development - In order to effectively use technology in education, appropriate conceptual understandings are needed to guide the integration process. Today,... 相似文献
160.
Gerald Rosen 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1976,301(3):307-312
In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of temporally periodic “dissipative structure” solutions in cases of weak diffusion with the reaction rate terms dominant in a generic system of reaction-diffusion equations ?ci/?t = Di?2ci+Qi(c), where the enumerator index i runs 1 to n, ci = ci(x, t) denotes the concentration or density of the ith participating molecular or biological species, Di is the diffusivity constant for the ith species and Qi(c), an algebraic function of the n-tuple c = (c1,\3., cn), expresses the local rate of production of the ith species due to chemical reactions or biological interactions. 相似文献