Changes in the prevalence of child sexual abuse, its risk factors, and their associations as a function of age cohort in a Finnish population sample

Objective

We examined (1) the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences as a function of cohort and gender, (2) the prevalence of factors associated with CSA as a function of cohort and whether the association of these factors with CSA remained the same irrespective of cohort, and (3) whether any cohort differences could be explainable by cohort differences in reporting bias.

Method

We used the responses of 4,561 men (M = 29, SD = 7 years) and 8,361 female (M = 29, SD = 7 years) Finnish participants who responded to the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form as well as questions regarding family structure.

Results

The prevalence of CSA experiences varied between 0.7-4.6% for men and 1.8-7.5% for women depending on the item. Younger cohorts reported less CSA as well as less of the risk factors (physical neglect and abuse, emotional neglect and abuse, parental substances abuse, not growing up with both biological parents) that were positively associated with the likelihood of CSA. The effects of these risk factors did not vary as a function of the cohort. Also, the declining trend was not explainable by social desirability being higher in the younger cohorts.

Conclusions

The results suggest that there is a real decline in the prevalence of CSA and it is associated with a simultaneous decline in factors associated with CSA.     

给被雪压的果树解除重负

下大雪了, 怎么办？ 是用一杆难以耍动的矛 刺穿跳舞的,飘落的 大雪花,     

提高篮球远距离投篮效果的模式

为使合格球队的训练和比赛过程更具有现代化,研究人员提出了增加远距离投篮有效性的结构内容模式,并将投篮训练作为运动员技、战术的组成部分。投篮训练是一项专门性训练,要在不同情况下完成不同方式的投篮练习。通过各种不同的训练方式来掌握投篮技术并提高投篮的准确性。该模式是用来为每一名选手选取远距离和超长距离投篮方式,完善投篮技术,选择技、战术行为,制定不同训练周期和阶段个人和全队的投篮训练。结论:提高篮球远距离投篮效果的模式可以达到如下目的:1)队员的有效安排;2)完善投篮技术;3)为每一名选手选择不同的投篮训练模式;4)每一名队员投篮准确性的数据资料可以为全队的战术安排提供参考;5)定性地规划每一名球员和球队的投篮训练并作为球队技、战术训练的主要组成部分。     

Fabrication of a gel particle array in a microfluidic device for bioassays of protein and glucose in human urine samples

This paper describes a simple method for fabricating a series of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel microstructures inside microfluidic channels as probe for proteins and glucose. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this newly developed system, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as a model protein. PEG microcolumns were used for the parallel detection of multiple components. Using tetrabromophenol blue (TBPB) and the horseradish peroxidase/glucose oxidase reaction system, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and glucose in human urine were detected by color changes. The color changes for BSA within a concentration range of 1-150 μM, and glucose within a range of 50 mM-2 M could be directly distinguished by eyes or precisely identified by optical microscope. To show the practicability of the gel particle array, protein and glucose concentrations of real human urine samples were determined, resulting in a good correlation with hospital analysis. Notably, only a 5 μL sample was needed for a parallel measurement of both analytes. Conveniently, no special readout equipment or power source was required during the diagnosis process, which is promising for an application in rapid point-of-care diagnosis.     

Electrophoretic separation of neurotransmitters on a polystyrene nano-sphere∕polystyrene sulphonate coated poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannel

In this paper, a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip with amperometric detector was developed for the electrophoretic separation and determination of neurotransmitters. For increasing the separation efficiency, the microchannel is modified by polystyrene sulphonate∕polystyrene nano-sphere self-assembly coating. A stable electro-osmotic flow (EOF) and higher separation efficiency are obtained in proposed modified microchannel. Under optimized conditions, dopamine, epinephrine, catechol, and serotonin are acceptably baseline separated in this 3.5 cm length separation channel with the theoretical plate number from 4.6?×?10(4) to 2.1?×?10(5) per meter and resolution from 1.29 to 12.5. The practicability of proposed microchip is validated by the recovery test with cerebrospinal fluid as real sample which resulted from 91.7% to 106.5%.     

Microfluidic droplet encapsulation of highly motile single zoospores for phenotypic screening of an antioomycete chemical

Highly motile Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) zoospores of an oomycete plant pathogen and antioomycete candidate chemicals were encapsulated into microdroplets. Random fast self-motion of P. sojae zoospores was overcome by choosing an appropriate flow rate for a zoospore suspension. To influence stochastic loading of zoospores into a microfluidic channel, a zoospore suspension was directly preloaded into a microtubing with a largely reduced inner diameter. A relatively high single zoospore encapsulation rate of 60.5% was achieved on a most trivial T-junction droplet generator platform, without involving any specially designed channel geometry. We speculated that spatial reduction in the diameter direction of microtubing added a degree of zoospore ordering in the longitudinal direction of microtubing and thus influenced positively to change the inherent limitation of stochastic encapsulation of zoospores. Comparative phenotypic study of a plant oomycete pathogen at a single zoospore level had not been achieved earlier. Phenotypic changes of zoospores responding to various chemical concentration conditions were measured in multiple droplets in parallel, providing a reliable data set and thus an improved statistic at a low chemical consumption. Since each droplet compartment contained a single zoospore, we were able to track the germinating history of individual zoospores without being interfered by other germinating zoospores, achieving a high spatial resolution. By adapting some existing droplet immobilization and concentration gradient generation techniques, the droplet approach could potentially lead to a medium-to-high throughput, reliable screening assay for chemicals against many other highly motile zoospores of pathogens.