Evidence that children and adolescents have internal models of peer interactions that are gender differentiated

This study examined whether children's internal representations reflect gender differences that have been found in peer interactions. The dimensions examined were (1) preferences for dyadic or group situations, (2) whether children who are friends with a given target child are likely to be friends with each other, and (3) perceptions of the probability of knowing information about friends. Participants from preschool; grades 2, 6, 8, and 10; and college (N = 278) were asked questions about typical girls and boys. Results indicate that both girls and boys (1) rate typical boys as preferring group interactions more than do typical girls, a difference present as early as preschool; (2) rate typical boys as more likely than typical girls to be friends with one another if they are friends with the same target boy or girl respectively; and (3) rate typical girls as more likely than typical boys to know certain types of information about friends. These results are consistent with the existence of internal models of social interactions that are at least partially gender specific.     

父亲的难题

小保罗是个三年级的小学生。他父亲虽然空闲时间不多，但晚上却经常同他的孩子在一起。父亲喜欢孩子，总津津乐道、不厌其烦地给他们讲些富有教益的寓言和别的故事。 一个星期五的晚上，保罗和姐姐玛莎在忙着刷保罗的田径鞋，因为他要参加学校明天举行的一场短跑比赛。坐在沙发里读报的爸爸摘下眼镜，凑过身子，又唠唠叨叨地讲起了他的寓言来，他讲的是龟兔赛跑的故事，小保罗记得自己已经听过好些遍，实在叫人腻味。 末了，爸爸对似听非听的保罗语重心长地说：“孩子，你一定要记住，动作缓慢的乌龟之所以能跑赢兔子，是因为它的踏实和韧性…     

Interactions of Sex Steroids with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Regulation of Gonadotropin (GtH) and Growth Hormone (GH) Release in the Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)

Theeffectsofgonadalsteroidsonserumgonadotropin(GtH)andgrowthhormone(GH)responseto(D-Arg6,Pro9NEt)-salmongonadotropin-releasinghormone(sGnRHA)anddomperidone(DOM),adoparnine-receptorantagonistwereinvestigatedthroughouttheseasonalreproductivecycleofcommoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio).Gonad-intactfemalefishwereimplantedintraperitioneallythrougha2～3mmincisioninthebodywallwithsilasticpelletscontainingnosteroid(blank),testosterone(T,100μg/gbodyweight),orestradiol(E2,100μg/gbodyweight).Atvariousstage…     

西夏文字与西夏文献

20世纪30年代,苏联杰出的西夏学者Н.А.聂历山在整理研究和译释俄藏西夏文献的基础上,对国际西夏学早期研究状况和俄藏西夏文献的全貌作了简要介绍,尤其对我国学者至今了解不多的西夏宫庭颂歌和诗体作品如《新集锦合辞》和劝世教导类文献《贤智集》、《德行集》的部分内容作了力所能及的译释。我国学者经常提到聂历山的研究成果,但至今尚未见到聂历山论著的译文,现据《西夏语文学》译出,以起到正本清源的作用,希望为我国西夏学研究者提供某些有价值的线索。     

The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire: reliability, validity, and national norms

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility and performance of the 34-item Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) in eliciting the recent victimization experiences of a national sample of children ages 2-17. METHOD: The JVQ was administered in a national random digit dial telephone survey about the experiences of 2,030 children. The experiences of children 10-17 years old were assessed through youth self-report on the JVQ, and the experiences of children 2-9 assessed through JVQ caregiver proxy report. RESULTS: Large numbers of recent victimizations were disclosed using the JVQ (71% of the sample reporting at least one victimization in the last year, with an average of 2.63 victimizations per child). There were few indicators of respondent confusion and little resistance to even the most sensitive questions. In a test of construct validity, endorsements of JVQ items correlated well with measures of traumatic symptoms. The instrument showed adequate test-retest reliability in a 3 to 4 week re-administration. Large numbers of victimizations were reported across the spectrum of ages, and there were no major discontinuities between the self-reports and proxy reports, suggesting that caregivers provided generally adequate and comparable information to child self-reports about the experiences of children under the age of 10. CONCLUSION: The JVQ has potential for use in future epidemiological research as well as clinical evaluation concerning the victimization of children.     

民族研究领域中的理论选择——对西方若干理论的评价和批判

<正>“每一门科学对于他们所研究的各种事实,都是按照或者通过其特定的概念架构去选取和收集起来进行考究或观察的,因而‘事实’本身从来不能在这些不同的架构之间提供任何关于真理的终极标准。”这段话很好地抓住了方法论的出发点,它为我所要作的理论评价提供了架构。我主张把民族和种族的理论看作是一种类似于文化世界观的东西,并坚持认为,人们在确定一定的准则或标准时以便判断哪些理论的真理性较充分或较优越的问题上,是不会取得一致意见的。我认为,这样的架构似乎是不可能存在的,在某种程度上,就连什么才算得上是“真理”或“实际”这本身也还得要根据各种理论怎样去发现或得知这些所谓的“真理”（认识论问题）和如何去理解所要了解的这些所谓的“实际”（实体论问题）而定,因而有关社会的真理往往是被纳入到一些特定的架构里。尽管这些架构和别的一些架构所要解释的可能是同一种社会现象（如民族和种族不平等现象）,但两种架构之间在性质上却是不同的。各种理论上的争执一般只是发生在界定“事实”的意义和寻求对“事实”的解释等层面上,而很少会发生在“事实”这一层面上。     

理想破灭

伊凡·斯捷巴诺维奇·罗果夫去看最后一场电影,突然看见路上有一枚十戈比银币,立即捡起来放入口袋。他刚要继续赶路,脑中泛起一个念头:是否应该在这儿再找找呢?也许钱币像蘑菇一样成堆相偎着。罗果夫开始仔细察看,他兜了一圈又发现一枚(比第一次拾到的十戈比银币脏些),他满意地笑笑,用袖子擦擦银币随之放入口袋,仿佛存入储蓄罐似