Instructional strategies for long-term success

Through a qualitative research study we developed a model of employment success based on the experiences of successful adults with learning disabilities. This model may be particularly useful to students with learning disabilities in helping them experience success both in school and beyond. We suggest that the components of the model—internal decisions comprising desire, goal orientation, and reframing, and external manifestations or behaviors of persistence, goodness of fit, learned creativity, and favorable social ecologies—can be systematically taught and then used. By focusing on what has worked for adults with learning disabilities, we propose that the model taps into inherent strengths that can compensate for significant limitations associated with learning disabilities. The model does not guarantee success, but it does equip students with learning disabilities with a readiness to capitalize on opportunities that they might otherwise miss.     

Scoring Constructed Responses Using Expert Systems

The use of constructed-response items in large scale standardized testing has been hampered by the costs and difficulties associated with obtaining reliable scores. The advent of expert systems may signal the eventual removal of this impediment. This study investigated the accuracy with which expert systems could score a new, nonmultiple-choice item type. The item type presents a faulty solution to a computer programming problem and asks the student to correct the solution. This item type was administered to a sample of high school seniors enrolled in an Advanced Placement course in Computer Science who also took the Advanced Placement Computer Science (APCS) examination. Results indicated that the expert systems were able to produce scores for between 82% and 95% of the solutions encountered and to display high agreement with a human reader on the correctness of the solutions. Diagnoses of the specific errors produced by students were less accurate. Correlations with scores on the objective and free-response sections of the APCS examination were moderate. Implications for additional research and for testing practice are offered.     

英国职业足球近10年发展述评——经济视角

为了认识现代竞技体育家族中的新成员———电子竞技运动,运用文献法、逻辑分析法在对电子竞技运动的起源、发展脉络进行研究的基础上,开发了电子竞技运动的基本概念和分类体系。     

Video Telecommunications for distance education: A field survey of systems in US public education,industry and the military

A field survey was conducted of a representative sample of 13 US educational video telecommunications (VTC) sites in public education, industry, and the military. The majority of educational/training networks use one‐way video with two‐way audio, although the use of two‐way video is increasing. Some systems regularly establish communication with others as ‘open networks’, and others are closed systems. There appears to be a trend for VTC systems to expand in the form of VTC consortia. Poor quality audio is a problem shared by many VTC systems.