The development of creative personalities through independent academic work in distance education in the German Democratic Republic

This article commences with a presentation of the consultation model of distance education (Fernstudium) as practised in the German Democratic Republic. It then considers the contribution which this form of education can make to the development of creative personalities who are capable of independent academic work.     

Comparison of different enzymes and probes and their combinations in DNA fingerprinting

In the present study, eight combinations of restriction enzymes and oligonucleotide probes were tested for detecting VNTR polymorphism. More than a hundred loci were detected by all enzyme-probe combinations. The influences of breed, enzyme and probe as well as their interactions were analysed, and the mean value of DNA fingerprint data was calculated for the enzymes and probes. The results will provide some valuable information for studying the genetic relationship of individuals or populations using DNA fingerprinting.     

Students Explaining Science—Assessment of Science Communication Competence

Science communication competence (SCC) is an important educational goal in the school science curricula of several countries. However, there is a lack of research about the structure and the assessment of SCC. This paper specifies the theoretical framework of SCC by a competence model. We developed a qualitative assessment method for SCC that is based on an expert–novice dialog: an older student (explainer, expert) explains a physics phenomenon to a younger peer (addressee, novice) in a controlled test setting. The explanations are video-recorded and analysed by qualitative content analysis. The method was applied in a study with 46 secondary school students as explainers. Our aims were (a) to evaluate whether our model covers the relevant features of SCC, (b) to validate the assessment method and (c) to find characteristics of addressee-adequate explanations. A performance index was calculated to quantify the explainers’ levels of competence on an ordinal scale. We present qualitative and quantitative evidence that the index is adequate for assessment purposes. It correlates with results from a written SCC test and a perspective taking test (convergent validity). Addressee-adequate explanations can be characterized by use of graphical representations and deliberate switches between scientific and everyday language.     

逻辑和运动

在运动科学模型里，人们之所以感觉物体是运动的，首先是这个客观的物体已经作为我们感知的对象和在我们的意识之内能够测定，为了使这个判断合乎科学，这里尝试在此在存在(Da-Sein)，如是存在(So-Sein)和价值存在(Wert-Sein)，同一性和相同性的逻辑联系的基础上，建立了感觉和运动统一的逻辑理论。     

德国建设"高等教育强国"之启示——德国高等教育机构的分层与分类

本文对德国高等教育机构的分层分类情况和历程做以介绍,概括了德国高等教育机构分层和分类的若干特点,并提出了对中国的一些有益启示.     

Distributed ledger technology as a catalyst for open innovation adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises

Open innovation and distributed ledger technology (DLT) are both based on the underlying principles of distribution and sharing. While open innovation is about sharing knowledge to improve innovation processes and performance, DLT is a distributed data ledger that is utilized to enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure immutability, traceability, security, and transparency. In this paper, we investigate the barriers to open innovation currently faced by small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) that DLT can solve. To achieve this goal, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 experts in open innovation and DLTs from Spain, Germany, Australia, and India. The results of our exploratory study show that DLTs can help to solve several problems, including external barriers, such as problems with contracts, financing, lack of trust, raw materials, lack of information, domestic and international market limitations, IP rights, and governmental regulations as well as bureaucracy. Internal challenges include insufficient funding, organizational systems that are out of date, and lack of trust. When it comes to difficulties associated with the management of open innovation, external barriers are frequently caused by customers' demands, while internal barriers are frequently caused by organizational culture or human nature, which cannot be improved by DLTs. Finally, SMEs might face new obstacles when integrating DLTs, such as integration problems, complex transition phases, and high setup costs as well as problems with attracting and retaining qualified employees.