The impact of graph symmetry on the number of driver nodes in complex networks

This study investigates on a strong correlation between complex network (CN) controllability (characterized by the number of required driver nodes) and graph symmetry (described by automorphism groups) in undirected and unweighted networks. Based on the properties of permutation products of elementary automorphisms, novel necessary conditions for CN controllability are presented which are computationally more effective than previous method. In addition, a novel index of symmetry is proposed upon which a more meaningful understanding of symmetry impact on CN controllability can be comprehended. Based on this new index, a modification strategy is suggested aiming to satisfy CN controllability with a lower number of driver nodes. The study shows that the proposed modification approach can result in a minimal set of driver nodes with a reasonable computational complexity. Further, the critical components of complex networks, in terms of their impact on the number of required driver nodes, are identified. The results of the proposed methodologies have been verified for several synthetic and real test systems including small, medium, and large power networks.     

Current Developments in Research on the Teaching of Grammar

There are a number of studies that have investigated the effects of textual enhancement on drawing the learner＇s attention to grammar, and the method has been described as the least explicit and the least intrusive method of focus on form （Doughty ＆ Varela, 1998）. It involves highlighting certain features of input that might go unnoticed under normal circumstances by typographically manipulating them through boldfacing, italicizing, underlining, or capitalizing. The assumption is that such manipulations enhance the perceptual saliency of the target structures, and this, hence, increases their chance of being notieed. A related technique is the provision of numerous instances of target linguistic forms in the input, called an inputflood （Trahey ＆ While, 1993）. Again, the assumption is that frequent exposure to target items enhances their saliency and hence results in noticing the forms （ Schmidt, 1990; Sharwood Smith, 1993）. Whereas studies by Doughty （1991） and Fotos （1994） reported positive results in terms of awareness of target structures and proficiency gains resulting from textually enhanced structures,     

Pro-Nets Versus No-Nets: Differences in Urban Older Adults' Predilections for Internet Use

Enthusiasm for information technology (IT) is growing among older adults. Many older adults enjoy IT and the Internet (Pro-Nets), but others have no desire to use it (No-Nets). This study found that Pro-Nets and No-Nets were different on a number of variables that might predict IT use. No-Nets were older, had less education and income, were retired, in poor health, and less active than Pro-Nets. No-Nets potentially have the most to gain from access to—and training inusing—the Internet as a health management tool. Further research with this population could inform the development of health-related web based interventions.     

Higher education during the Islamic government of Iran (1979–2004)

This paper examines the development of higher education in Iran during a 26-year period under the Islamic government. This can be divided into three different phases: revolutionary, formative and development. It explores the expansion of universities, enhancing research, widening access, use of a wide range of ICT, decentralisation and gender equity. The quality and relevance of curricula with the market requirement is also discussed. This paper argues that the curriculum should be more specific and address the real needs of society. Comprehensive decision-making, expanding students’ academic guidance and expanding participatory and student-centre environment in higher education are crucial.     

Cultural acceptability and personal willingness of Iranian students toward cadaveric donation

Cadaver dissection stands as a crucial component in medical curricula around the world, although computer‐based multimedia programs have been introduced in order to replace the need for cadaver donations. Due to a decrease in the number of unclaimed bodies and rather few donations, there is an insufficient number of cadavers for anatomical studies in Iran. This study was carried out to evaluate medical students' awareness and willingness regarding body donation in Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In this study, a questionnaire was designed to focus on the cultural acceptability and personal willingness to donate one's body after death. Students from the university's anatomy classes (n = 331) participated in this study. Seventy‐seven percent of the students expressed their agreement toward the idea of utilizing body donation services, though only 25.4% of participants were willing to donate their own bodies. None of the demographic factors were associated with cultural acceptability or personal willingness towards body donation. These findings indicated that besides “payment”, other factors were associated with students' willingness to become donors. All factors of awareness except “previous awareness of organization” were associated with cultural acceptability. In this study, students suggested that encouraging people to register for body donation using mass media (25.6%) and teaching students to respect cadavers in the dissection environment (24.8%) were the best solutions for addressing the lack of cadavers. These findings indicated that a lack of awareness about body donation might be the main factor responsible for unwillingness towards body donation; therefore, improving the public's awareness and addressing the willingness of students regarding body donation may help overcome the current lack of donated cadavers. Anat Sci Educ 10: 120–126. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

Enantioselective assembly of multi-layer 3D chirality

The first enantioselective assembly of sandwich-shaped organo molecules has been achieved by conducting dual asymmetric Suzuki-Miyaura couplings and nine other reactions. This work also presents the first fully C-C anchored multi-layer 3D chirality with optically pure enantiomers. As confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis that this chiral framework is featured by a unique C₂-symmetry in which a nearly parallel fashion consisting of three layers: top, middle and bottom aromatic rings. Unlike the documented planar or axial chirality, the present chirality shows its top and bottom layers restrict each other from free rotation, i.e., this multi-layer 3D chirality would not exist if either top or bottom layer is removed. Nearly all multi-layered compounds showed strong luminescence of different colors under UV irradiation, and several randomly selected samples displayed aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties. This work is believed to have broad impacts on chemical, medicinal and material sciences including optoelectronic materials in future.     

基于自清洁理念的下水道中沉积物运移的设计标准

研究目的：通过比较沉积物运移的不同标准,经选优得出更高精度的标准。创新要点：使用更少的参数和分情况来获得高精度的设计标准。研究方法：1.按状态将下水道中沉积物分成两类：没有沉淀的沉积物和沉淀的推移质;2.利用已有设计标准的方程,运用非线性回归和 MINITAB软件,得到不同情况下的最佳方程式;3.用实验所得的值对各方程预测值进行验证,比较各方程式的预测精度。 重要结论：1.本文提出的方程式可以预测不同情况下的沉积物运移;2.相比于其它标准,本文提出的方程式形式简单、所需参数少和参数估计简单,并且预测精度更高。