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131.
Don Howard 《Science & Education》2009,18(2):199-220
This paper asks what is necessary in a theory of science adequate to the task of empowering philosophers of science to participate
in public debate about science in a social context. It is argued that an adequate theory of science must be capable of theorizing
the role of values and motives in science and that it must take seriously the irreducibly social nature of scientific knowledge.
Don Howard is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the Program in History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Notre Dame. He holds a B.Sc. in physical sciences from Michigan State University and both an M.A. and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Boston University. His special interests include the history and philosophical foundations of physics and the history of the philosophy of science. Recent publications include: The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice: Science and Values Revisited, co-edited with Martin Carrier and Janet Kourany (University of Pittsburgh Press, forthcoming); “‘Let me briefly indicate why I do not find this standpoint natural.’ Einstein, General Relativity, and the Contingent A Priori,” in Synthesis and the Growth of Knowledge: Examining Michael Friedman’s Approach to the History of Philosophy and Science, Michael Dickson and Mary Domski, eds. (Open Court, forthcoming); “Einstein and the Philosophy of Science,” in the Cambridge Companion to Einstein, Michel Janssen and Christoph Lehner, eds. (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming); and “Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science,” Physics Today (2005). 相似文献
Don HowardEmail: |
Don Howard is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the Program in History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Notre Dame. He holds a B.Sc. in physical sciences from Michigan State University and both an M.A. and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Boston University. His special interests include the history and philosophical foundations of physics and the history of the philosophy of science. Recent publications include: The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice: Science and Values Revisited, co-edited with Martin Carrier and Janet Kourany (University of Pittsburgh Press, forthcoming); “‘Let me briefly indicate why I do not find this standpoint natural.’ Einstein, General Relativity, and the Contingent A Priori,” in Synthesis and the Growth of Knowledge: Examining Michael Friedman’s Approach to the History of Philosophy and Science, Michael Dickson and Mary Domski, eds. (Open Court, forthcoming); “Einstein and the Philosophy of Science,” in the Cambridge Companion to Einstein, Michel Janssen and Christoph Lehner, eds. (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming); and “Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science,” Physics Today (2005). 相似文献
132.
Howard Youngs 《Journal of educational administration and history》2009,41(4):377-389
It is time to situate distributed leadership as a critical conceptualisation of school leadership; its popularisation has generally preceded conceptual and empirical development. Over the last 10 years distributed leadership has often been presented as a new construct of school leadership, though critique against education policy reforms and conceptual and historical links to the wider leadership field have generally been underemphasised. The theorisation and research of distributed leadership is currently situated at a critical point in its development; it is at the ‘crossroads’ of where it could dominantly be situated in the field of school leadership. A review of the literature and research suggests that distributed leadership is tending towards an uncritical position that is decoupled from critique of past and present education reforms and predominantly silent on how power relations at the local school level shape leadership activity. 相似文献
133.
134.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement between two mobile cycle ergometer systems for recording high-intensity, intermittent power output. Twelve trained male cyclists (age 31.4 ± 9.8 years) performed a single 3 min intermittent cycle test consisting of 12 all-out efforts, separated by periods of passive recovery ranging from 5 to 15 s. Power output was recorded using a Polar S710 heart rate monitor and power sensor kit and an SRM Powercrank system for each test. The SRM used torque and angular velocity to calculate power, while the S710 used chain speed and vibration to calculate power. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in power were found at 8 of the 12 efforts. A significant difference (P = 0.001) was also found when power was averaged over all 12 intervals. Mean power was 556 ± 102 W and 446 ± 61 W for the SRM and S710 respectively. The S710 underestimated power by an average of 23% with random errors of ?/÷ 24% when compared with the SRM. Random errors ranged from 36% to 141% with a median of 51%. The results indicate there was little agreement between the two systems and that the Polar S710 did not provide a valid measure of power during intermittent cycling activity when compared with the SRM. Power recorded by the S710 system was influenced greatly by chain vibration and sampling rates. 相似文献
135.
Charles H. Shea John B. Krampitz Homer Tolson Alan A. Ashby Rose M. Howard William S. Husak 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):86-99
Abstract The present experiments examined the effects of stimulus velocity, stimulus duration, and stimulus uncertainty on the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy of coincident timing responses. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the response structure for aimed movements differed from that of ballistic movements but response accuracy was comparable for both movement conditions. However, when information concerning the stimulus velocity was provided, the responses to the faster stimuli (i.e., stimuli of shorter duration) appeared to be “speeded up” copies of those to slower stimuli and response accuracy increased as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). When the stimulus velocity was not known, subjects initiated a common response for approximately 260 msec and response accuracy appeared to decrease as the stimulus velocity increased (i.e., stimulus duration decreased). Experiment 2 indicated that the stimulus duration rather than the stimulus velocity was the major determiner of both the spatial-temporal structure and timing accuracy and that a very fast and a very slow stimulus will be responded to similarly when the stimulus duration remains constant. 相似文献
136.
Do special education teachers use IEPs to guide instruction? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Teachers in a large urban school system were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire and a modified nominal group technique to assess their views about IEPs and identify impediments to implementing the IEPs of their students. Teachers indicated that they viewed the IEP more as a legal requirement than as an important guide for planning instruction. Frequently they were not involved in the development of their students' IEPs. The article specifies reasons given by teachers for not adhering to their students IEPs and provides recommendations for increasing teacher involvement in IEP preparation. It also presents recommendations for improving instructional conditions and practices which may facilitate IEP implementation. 相似文献
137.
Herman Witkin's research in differentiation theory proposed a conceptual framework describing the cognitive style known as field dependence‐independence. The operational measures of this construct are restructuring skills and interpersonal competencies, and were originally conceived to be fixed in an individual. A recent reconceptual‐isation, however, suggested that there may be some malleability in learning strategies that flow from cognitive style. Learners predisposed to field dependence might gain access to restructuring skills brought to problem‐solving situations by field independents. This study undertook to examine the effects and practicability of restructuring training as a means of addressing individual learner differences. Field independent subjects significantly out‐scored field‐dependent subjects on all three test tasks in the control group. Experimental group field independents did not significantly outscore experimental field dependents. Training enhanced field dependent subject performance on two dependent measures tasks. There was interaction across treatment and field dependence on all three dependent measures. 相似文献
138.
Howard Woodhouse 《Interchange》1997,28(2-3):253-262
Building on an earlier article in which I analyzed the views of women scientists and science educators in Cameroon, West Africa (Woodhouse & Ndongko, 1993), I reflect upon the ways in which these same science educators managed to commit the fallacy of misplaced concreteness, attributed by Alfred North Whitehead to the abstractions of 17th-century physics.On the one hand, the women in our study tried to make their science teaching as concrete as possible by introducing examples from African traditional medicine that were familiar to their students. On the other, they undermined these laudable efforts by consistently diminishing the value of traditional indigenous healing, for they regarded the abstractions of scientific methodology as real in a way that such treatments were not. I argue that this is a prime example of the fallacy.Furthermore, the only way in which these women science educators could imagine that African traditional healers would be accepted by the scientific community was to become professionals by adopting the abstract methodology of science, which falls foul of the fallacy in the first place. Only then could their various traditional treatments be assimilated to the market and developed commercially by multinational corporations. I argue that this overlooks the ways in which such corporations appropriate the cultural and intellectual property of traditional healers in Cameroon and elsewhere. Moreover, their reasoning is based once again on the fallacy of misplaced concreteness, accepting the abstractions of the market as real, while disregarding the value of indigenous knowledge itself. 相似文献
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140.
Stephen G. Sireci David Thissen Howard Wainer 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1991,28(3):237-247
If a test is constructed of testlets, one must take into account the within-testlet structure in the calculation of test statistics. Failing to do so may yield serious biases in the estimation of such statistics as reliability. We demonstrate how to calculate the reliability of a testlet-based test. We show that traditional reliabilities calculated on two reading comprehension tests constructed of four testlets are substantial overestimates. 相似文献