User innovation and knowledge sourcing: The case of financial software

According to user innovation literature, users can create important innovations and the novel functionalities embedded in those user innovations often become the sources of subsequent innovations by both other users and manufacturers. However, manufacturers are often hesitant in commercializing an innovation created by a single user due to the uncertainty around the market demands. We propose that such hesitancy will decrease when an increasing number of other users source knowledge elements from the focal user innovation and reproduce the novel functionality. Once the focal user innovation is commercialized by manufacturers, other users can purchase the novel functionality from the market rather than reproducing it in house. We propose that users capable of drawing on innovation resources are more likely to maintain in-house reproduction of the focal user innovation than users low on innovation resources. By using the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis method, we analyze knowledge sourcing activities from financial software patents data, and the findings provide empirical supports for our propositions.     

Effect of positioning on the accuracy of decision making of association football top-class referees and assistant referees during competitive matches

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of positioning on the correctness of decision making of top-class referees and assistant referees during international games. Match analyses were carried out during the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Confederations Cup 2009 and 380 foul play incidents and 165 offside situations were examined. The error percentage for the referees when indicating the incidents averaged 14%. The lowest error percentage occurred in the central area of the field, where the collaboration of the assistant referee is limited, and was achieved when indicating the incidents from a distance of 11-15?m, whereas this percentage peaked (23%) in the last 15-min match period. The error rate for the assistant referees was 13%. Distance of the assistant referee to the offside line did not have an impact on the quality of the offside decision. The risk of making incorrect decisions was reduced when the assistant referees viewed the offside situations from an angle between 46 and 60°. Incorrect offside decisions occurred twice as often in the second as in the first half of the games. Perceptual-cognitive training sessions specific to the requirements of the game should be implemented in the weekly schedule of football officials to reduce the overall error rate.     

Stochastic stability analysis of piecewise homogeneous Markovian jump neural networks with mixed time-delays

In this paper, the problem of stochastic stability analysis is considered for piecewise homogeneous Markovian jump neural networks with both discrete and distributed delays by use of linear matrix inequality (LMI) method. Based on a Lyapunov functional that accounts for the mixed time-delays, a delay-dependent stability condition is given, which is formulated by LMIs and thus can be easily checked. Some special cases are also investigated. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the validness of the proposed result.     

关于“反思”的思考

教师要想在教学上快速成长,不断进行教学反思是重要且有效的环节。教学反思不能仅仅局限于从教师自身的角度,还要从学生、同行的角度去进行。只有不断反思,教师才能在促进学生成长的同时,也成就教师自己。本文从反思的必要性和重要性、反思的内涵、反思的艺术等方面谈谈笔者的认识和做法。     

网络教学在专业分析类课程中的应用

针对当前课程教学中存在的问题,将网络互动教学运用到专业分析的教学中,从课程教学的内容和方法等方面,提出专业分析教学改革的基本构想,重点加强实践教学、能力培养和创新活动,以适应2l世纪技术发展的需要。     

提高学生听力理解的实证研究

如何有效提高学生的英语听力理解水平一直是英语教学中的一道难题。基于实证研究观察＂听前了解相关主题并进行讨论法（TP法）＂对学生英语听力理解的影响,结果表明：两平行班学生听力课后的英语学习情况相似,但后测英语听力水平在统计学意义上有显著差异,实验组学生的听力理解表现明显比对照组学生好。TP法能有效提高学生的英语听力理解表现。     

吴方言“来～”结构语义表达研究——以桐庐方言为例

＂来～＂是吴方言常见结构,北吴语桐庐方言中的＂来汉＂＂来里＂可兼做动词、介词和助词。从方言内部看,两者在指示位置、表示时态意义和后接地点名词时呈对称分布;从方言与普通话的比较看,两者与动词的搭配情况与现代汉语的＂在＂和＂着＂有所不同。对该结构的特征归纳与语感调查,将在应用层面有助于《桐庐方言志》（1992）的讨论与修订。     

狄金森“死亡诗歌”的创作动机探析

诗人艾米莉·狄金森一生创作1775首诗歌,其中600多首以＂死亡＂为主题的作品成为她所有诗歌的精华,在世界文学史上具有标新立异的创作特点。本文以心理研究为依据,立足19世纪美国时代背景,从诗人的生活环境、创作经历、宗教影响三方面入手,阐释诗人＂死亡诗歌＂的创作动机。     

论严粲《诗缉》的以《诗》言《诗》

严粲是南宋时期的著名学者,在其<诗>学著作<诗缉>中,他从<诗>的体例,对<诗>六义的认识和<诗句>对举几个方面来进行他的"以<诗>言<诗>",把<诗经>身上的经学性和理学性的"色彩"进一步削弱,故该书有着丰富的文学思想,在宋朝众多<诗>学著作中,独树一帜,自成一家.     

思想政治理论教学坚持以人为本的思考

本文阐述思想政治理论教学如何坚持以人为本,思想政治教师如何担负起政治责任,提高素质和业务水平,培养出合格的社会主义建设者和接班人。