商品个性标志的定义及其在美国流行文化中的角色

在过去的一个多世纪,商品的个性标志一直是美国人钟爱的广告工具。各种各样被广告商作为传播体系的＂会说话的动物＂和＂会跳舞的产品＂已悄无声息地蔓延在美国的流行文化中。1982年,有人在做调查后发现,凡是商品特征明显的广告,在改变品牌偏好的能力上要比同行业其他品牌强。这一点表明社会正在接收商品个性标志这样的讯息。然而,尽管商品个性标志的运用在广告商和消费者中大受欢迎,却几乎被完全遗忘在广告和流行文化研究的角落。本文将从相关文学的角度解析什么是商品个性标志,以及其如何运用在现代广告业中,并与消费者进行交流。     

体力活动与癌症生存研究的10大问题

摘要：今天的美国有1 400万的癌症存活者,其中的很多存活者中都接受了多种治疗,包括手术、放疗、化疗、靶向治疗等。这些治疗能够延长生存时间,但同时也会带来很多急慢性的副作用,危害健康,影响生活质量。体力活动（PA）与癌症生存这一领域发展迅速,主要研究PA对癌症患者的影响。基于该领域的研究进展,提出了以下10大研究问题：1）PA能够降低癌症复发风险、和/或提高存活吗？2）PA能够影响癌症治疗决策、完成率、和/或患者对治疗的反应吗？3）癌症存活者的最佳运动处方是什么？4）静坐少动行为对癌症存活者有何影响？5）癌症存活者最有效的体力活动干预方案是什么？6）哪些癌症会影响病人对PA的反应？7）癌症存活者进行体力活动时需要注意的安全问题有哪些？8）哪些具体的癌症症状可以由PA解决？9）对于癌症晚期患者,体力活动还有何作用？10）如何将体力活动研究结果转化到临床和社区肿瘤实践中来？上述问题的回答至关重要,这不仅关系到体力活动和癌症存活这一研究领域的发展,更重要的是,能够为每年数百万新诊断为癌症的病人、正在接受癌症治疗的病人、治疗结束处于恢复中的病人或是那些正在与晚期癌症抗争的病人带来福音。     

新媒体联盟地平线报告:2016高等教育版

未来五年高等教育机构将会面临什么形势?有哪些趋势和技术将会驱动教育的变革?有哪些挑战是我们认为可以解决或难以克服的?《新媒体联盟地平线报告:2016高等教育版》揭示了未来五年全球范围内影响高等教育变化的关键趋势、重要挑战和重要的技术发展.图1是报告的内容框架.     

Coordination variability and skill development in expert triple jumpers

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of skill of expert triple jumpers on the coordination variability of lower extremity intra-limb couplings. In contrast to the traditional motor learning perspective, we hypothesized that as skill and thus performance increases, movement coordination variability will also increase. Three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected during the hop-step transition phase of the triple jump. Relative motion plots and a modified vector coding technique were used to quantify the coordination variability across the trials. The results were consistent with a U-shaped curve, representing coordination variability, as skill increases. The high coordination variability in less skilled athletes is present while the appropriate characteristics defining the movement coordination patterns are acquired. This coordination variability may not be beneficial to performance. As the refinement of these characteristics is achieved, coordination variability decreases, resulting in a more consistent or regulated performance. In the final stages of developing a skilled performance, a functional variability is accessed that brings flexibility to the system allowing it to cope with perturbations. This study highlights the need to address the learning effect when analysing coordination variability from a dynamical systems perspective.     

Statistical modelling of knee valgus during a continuous jump test

Landing with the knee in a valgus position is recognized as a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Using linear and non-linear regression analyses, the purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between two-dimensional (2D) knee valgus and three-dimensional (3D) knee kinematics measured during a jump landing task. Twenty-eight female collegiate athletes participated. All participants were required to perform a continuous jump test. The average maximum angles of abduction and internal tibial rotation during landing were measured using the Point Cluster Technique. Average peak knee valgus angle was measured using a 2D approach. Linear and non-linear regression analyses between 2D valgus and 3D knee abduction, and between 2D valgus and 3D internal tibial rotation, were performed. The R2 value between 2D valgus and 3D knee abduction was significantly different from zero and had a moderate correlation for all models, whereas the R2 value between 2D valgus and 3D internal tibial rotation was not significantly different from zero. The 2D approach could be used to screen a specific group of individuals for risk of ACL injury; however, using frontal plane 2D analysis of valgus motion to evaluate internal tibial rotation is not advised.     

Mixing methods in assessing coaches' decision making

Mixing methods has recently achieved respectability as an appropriate approach to research design, offering a variety of advantages (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003). The purpose of this paper is to outline and evaluate a mixed methods approach within the domain of coaches' decision making. Illustrated with data from a policy-capturing study on coaches' decisions about an injured gymnast's participation in competition, the approach involves the concurrent collection of quantitative and qualitative data and a three-phase process of data analysis. It is argued that (a) the method described can provide additional insights into the factors involved in coaches' decision making, beyond those provided via quantitative or qualitative methods alone, and (b) mixing methods holds promise for coaching research more generally.     

The influence of self-determination in physical education on leisure-time physical activity behavior

Using a multitheory approach, this study was designed to investigate the influence of urban adolescents' perceived autonomy and competence in physical education on their physical activity intentions and behaviors during leisure time. A transcontextual model was hypothesized and tested. Urban adolescents (N=653, ages 11-15 years) completed questionnaires assessing relevant psychological constructs and moderate to vigorous physical activity and then had their cardiorespiratory fitness assessed with the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test. Based on our structural equation modeling analyses and fit indexes, the transcontextual model adequately fit the data. We concluded that the two theoretical frameworks--SDT and theory of planned behavior--can be integrated to provide an enhanced understanding of the influence of physical education on leisure-time physical activity. The results revealed that perceived autonomy and competence in physical education are interrelated and function as a whole for enhancing leisure-time physically active intentions and behavior.     

Development and validation of the moral disengagement in sport scale

A sport-specific measure of moral disengagement was developed in 2 studies. In Study 1, a 59-item questionnaire was developed and tested with 308 athletes from 5 team sports. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing different models suggested the model that best fitted the data had 6 first-order factors that could be represented by 1 second-order factor. Study 2 involved 305 athletes from the same 5 sports. CFA confirmed the 6-factor, second-order structure for the final 32-item measure. Results from Study 2 supported the construct validity of the scale, providing evidence for the factorial, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. The Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale (MDSS) is proposed as a valid and reliable measure of moral disengagement for use in the sport context.     

The influence of game location and outcome on behaviour and mood states among professional rugby league players

In this study, we examined the relationship between home and away matches on mood. In addition, the relationships between game location, game outcome, behavioural factors, and mood were investigated among 12 professional English rugby league players competing in the Super League. Participants completed daily diaries for 27 days. The diary consisted of six analogue scales measuring mood (relaxed-tense, energetic-weary, depressed-elated, tired-alert, anxious-calm, cheerful-miserable) as well as behavioural factors and self-rated performance. There were no significant differences in self-reported mood states leading up to home or away matches except for players feeling more tired when playing away. Significant relationships between mood and behaviours (e.g. sleep and eating) and subjective performance were observed. The outcome of the match was found to influence mood, with a defeat resulting in decreased mood. Our results show that game location did not influence mood and therefore does not provide an explanation for the home advantage.