论学习的研究范式与视界

影响人的学习的最重要因素是什么?不同的教学理论对此给出了大相径庭的答案,这是因为它们各自对学习本身持有不同的视界,有的看重预期的学习结果,有的聚焦影响学习过程的各种方法,还有一些则抓住了学习发生的条件.有八种对教育传播与技术领域的理论发展一直产生影响,并且仍在产生强烈影响的最流行研究范式,它们分别是完形心理学、行为主义和新行为主义、发展心理学、文化—历史学派、信息加工理论、认知符号理论、认知资源理论和社会建构主义.一般来说,研究总是在某个特定的范式框架内进行的,但是研究者应该认识到,范式本身会对研究方法和结果产生很深的影响.更重要的是,研究者应该对各种不同的理论与范式持开放的心态,因为新的发现总是出现在不同范式之间的交叠磨合处.     

效率

好多年前,一个效率专家被亨利·福特雇用来检测福特汽车公司员工的出勤表现。专家提交了一份对福特汽车公司的员工表现高度赞扬的报告,其中只指出了一个员工的问题。专家对亨利·福特说:"那个懒散的人整天待在办公室浪费你的钱。每次我经过,都看到他把腿支在桌子上闲待着。"亨利·福特回答说:"那个人曾经出了一个     

开源模式在开放学习和开放大学中的应用(英文)

我们生活在一个快速变化的世界。我们可以用不断涌现的技术做很多事情,例如,我可以给你拍照并同步上传到互联网上。然而,如果真要挖掘世界的潜力,这些只是表面现象,我们必须改变思维的过程。因此,本文认为,开源软件为开放学习和开放大学提供了一个模式。文章首先介绍了开放的理念,并以此作为软件、学习和大学的基础。     

The effect of mindfulness on extinction and behavioral resurgence

In the present experiments, we investigated the effects of mindfulness on behavioral extinction and resurgence. Participants received instrumental training; either they received FI training (Experiment 1), or they were trained to emit high rates and low rates of response via exposure to a multiple VR yoked-VI schedule prior to exposure to a multiple FI FI schedule in order to alter their rates of responding learned during Experiment 2. Participants were then exposed to either a focused- (mindfulness) or an unfocused-attention induction task. All participants were finally exposed to an extinction schedule in order to determine whether a mindfulness induction task presented immediately prior to extinction training affected extinction (Experiment 1) and behavioral resurgence (Experiment 2). During the extinction phase, the rates of responding were higher in the control group than in the mindfulness group, indicating that the mindfulness group was more sensitive to the contingencies and, thus, their prior performance extinguished more readily (Experiment 1). Moreover, rates of response in the extinction components less precisely reflected previous training in the mindfulness group, suggesting less resurgence of past behaviors after the mindfulness induction (Experiment 2).     

Library and informatics skills competencies statements from major health professional associations

Every major health profession now provides competency statements for preparing new members for their respective professions. These competency statements normally include expectations for training health professions students in library/informatics skills. For purposes of this article, searches were conducted using various sources to produce a comprehensive 32-page Compendium that inventories library/informatics-related competency statements. This compendium should aid readers in integrating their library/informatics skills training into various health professions education curricula.     

Who donates their body to science? An international,multicenter, prospective study

The altruistic act of body donation provides a precious resource for both teaching and researching human anatomy. However, relatively little is known about individuals who donate their bodies to science (donors), and in particular whether donors in different geographical locations share similar characteristics. A multicenter prospective survey of donors registering during 2010 in three different geographical locations, New Zealand, Ireland, and the Republic of South Africa, was conducted to identify donor characteristics. The 28-question survey included sections on body donation program awareness, reasons for donating, giving tendency, education, ethnicity, relationship status, occupation, religion, and political preference. Two hundred surveys (81%) were returned [New Zealand 123 (85% response rate), Republic of South Africa 41 (67%), and Ireland 36 (92%)]. Results indicate that donors share certain characteristics including reason for donating (80% cited a desire to aid medical science as the main reason for wishing to donate their body); family structure (most donors are or have been in long-term partnerships and ≥ 85% have siblings); and a higher proportion with no religious affiliation compared to their reference population. Some variations between locations were noted including donor age, the mode of program awareness, occupation, relationship status, political preference, organ donor status and with whom donors had discussed their decision to donate. This information could be important for assisting the identification of potential body donors in new and established bequest programs.     

Numerical simulation of interaction between laminar flow and elastic sheet

A numerical simulation of the interaction between laminar flow with low Reynolds number and a highly flexible elastic sheet is presented. The mathematical model for the simulation includes a three-dimensional finitevolume based fluid solver for incompressible viscous flow and a combined finite-discrete element method for the three-dimensional deformation of solid. An immersed boundary method is used to couple the simulation of fluid and solid. It is implemented through a set of immersed boundary points scattered on the solid surface. These points provide a deformable solid wall boundary for the fluid by adding body force to Navier-Stokes equations. The force from the fluid is also obtained for each point and then applied on the boundary nodes of the solid. The vortex-induced vibration of the highly flexible elastic sheet is simulated with the established mathematical model. The simulated results for both swing pattern and oscillation frequency of the elastic sheet in low Reynolds number flow agree well with experimental data.     

南方谈话的理论意义和实践价值

恩格斯在谈到马克思主义的内在逻辑时,认为唯物史观和剩余价值学说这两个伟大的发现,使社会主义从空想变为科学。邓小平建设有中国特色社会主义理论同样需要哲学和经济学基础。他在南方谈话中提出“三个有利于”的标准,以及关于“社会主义市场经济”的新观点,既在唯物史观上“扬弃”了“庸俗经济决定论”和“上层建筑决定论”,又突破了“市场经济=资本主义”的非科学的理论框架,从而在哲学和经济学的层面上,把握住了当代中     

未来文化或文化的未来

序言 人类对未来的兴趣和对未来预测的严肃尝试已具有很长的历史了。但是现代“未来学研究”是由二次大战后形成的一些势力组织发起的。它们在许多工业国家同时开始研究“未来学”这门学问,这些组织是: 1.军事团体,民间团体和政府决策机构。它们认为“未来的模式”将与过去截然不同,因此,它们开始寻求各种途径。以便获取现时无望得到的东西,并且开始拟定更加有效的蓝图。