Preference for rewards that follow greater effort and greater delay

Humans prefer (conditioned) rewards that follow greater effort (Aronson & Mills, 1959). This phenomenon can be interpreted as evidence for cognitive dissonance (or as justification of effort) but may also result from (1) the contrast between the relatively greater effort and the signal for reinforcement or (2) the delay reduction signaled by the conditioned reinforcer. In the present study, we examined the effect of prior force and prior time to produce stimuli associated with equal reinforcement. As expected, pressing with greater force or for a longer time was less preferred than pressing with less force or for a shorter time. However, participants preferred the conditioned reinforcer that followed greater force and more time. Furthermore, participants preferred a long duration with no force requirement over a shorter duration with a high force requirement and, consistent with the contrast account but not with the delay reduction account, they preferred the conditioned stimulus that followed the less preferred, shorter duration, high-force event. Within-trial contrast provides a more parsimonious account than justification of effort, and a more complete account than delay reduction.     

建设高教强省大力提高高等职业教育质量

高等职业教育是高等教育大众化的主力军,建设高教强省必然要对我省高等职业教育提出新的更高的要求,其中最重要的是高等职业教育必须在保证招生数量增长的同时,大力提高教育质量,培养出优秀的职业技术人才。为此,应从加大投资力度、改革专业设置、加强师资队伍建设、强化实践教学环节、建立高等职业教育质量监督评估制度等方面来提高我省高等职业教育质量。     

宁夏

01.HI今年夏天经过两天三夜死缠烂打、软磨硬泡的思想工作,我终于被允许前往太原,和次第一起奔向《新作文》的地盘。对于山西,本人完全是一头雾水,仅存的印象就是极其主观的“煤都”。因为山西煤矿泛滥之势,太原会不会是煤灰满天、煤渣遍地就成了我和次第一路上耿耿于怀的问题。火车掠过的奔驰着的风景,都已远远地     

Genetic and environmental components of adolescent adjustment and parental behavior: a multivariate analysis

Adolescent adjustment measures may be related to each other and to the social environment in various ways. Are these relationships similar in genetic and environmental sources of covariation, or different? A multivariate behavior-genetic analysis was made of 6 adjustment and 3 treatment composites from the study Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development, using 674 same-sex adolescent sibling pairs aged 9-11. Cholesky decompositions of the total covariance matrix yielded additive and nonadditive genetic, and shared and nonshared environmental matrices. Factor analyses led to 3 factors for all but shared environment. The first 2 factors resembled Neuroticism and Extraversion factors typically found for personality; the third factor, parental monitoring and control, appeared to have different associations in different matrices.     

Children's temperament and behavior problems predict their employed mothers' work functioning

Numerous studies have been conducted on the impact of dual-earner parents' employment on their children, yet the reverse process-the impact of children and their behavior on the work functioning of their parents-has been ignored. This study investigated spillover from the mother role to the work role in a sample of more than 300 families. At 4 months, 12 months, 3.5 years, and 4.5 years of age, child's difficult temperament was significantly associated with mother's work outcomes, including work role quality and rewards from combining work and family. The evidence was consistent with a structural model in which maternal sense of parenting competence and maternal depressed affect mediated these effects.     

我的喜悦

5月19日星期四天气阴早晨,老师告诉我,《今日中学生》上发表了我的文章。一刹那,我的整个心灵一下子都被震动了,我喜疯了!奇迹真的出现了吗?真让人难以相信。“我真的成功了!”我在心里默默地为自己呼喊着。     

魔术折纸

“今天,我让同学们都变成小小魔术师,好吗?”何老师的神秘使我产生了疑问:一向古怪的何老师又会耍什么花招呢? “现在,每个人手里都有一张长方形的魔术工具——纸!听好口令:用这张魔术纸变成一个三个边两个面的图形,开始!”话音     

语文教学要有真实的思考

读方海莲老师《透视语文教学中的“伪思考”》一文（《江苏教育·小学教学》2007.6）也引发了我的思索：语文教学中应该怎样避免“伪思考”,追求教学的真实呢？