A concurrent model of the wilderness therapy process

Abstract

Though wilderness therapy programs are growing in number and popularity, the theoretical basis for distinguishing wilderness therapy from traditional therapeutic modalities is lacking. Existing models describing the wilderness therapy process have been stage-based, meaning the process has been conceptualized as sequential and discrete. Lost in this conceptualization of the wilderness therapy process is the dynamic and interrelated nature of therapeutic factors reasoned to be present at all times and to varying degrees. To address the limitations of stage based models and the lack of a strong theoretical basis in wilderness therapy, a concurrent model of the wilderness therapy process is proposed. This proposed model consists of three factors believed to be unique to the wilderness therapy milieu: Wilderness, Physical Self, and Social Self. The constituents of each of these factors are detailed and theoretical rationale for inclusion provided. In addition hypotheses about the intensity of each of these factors are discussed as a function of the temporal progression of the wilderness experience (e.g. entrance into wilderness program, exiting wilderness program). Advantages of the proposed model as well as suggestions for model testing and refinement are included.     

7. German and Scandinavian Media Studies

CRITICAL IDEAS IN TELEVISION STUDIES by John Corner (New York: Oxford University Press “Oxford Television Studies,”; 1999—$52.00/19.95, ISBN 0–19–874221–5 hard, ISBN 0–19–874220–7 paper, 139 pp., references, index)

USES OF TELEVISION by John Hartley (London: Routledge, 1999—$75.00/22.99, ISBN 0–415–08508‐X hard, 0–415–08509–8 paper, 246 pp., figures and pictures, appendixes, references, index)

WAVES OF RANCOR: TUNING IN THE RADICAL RIGHT by Robert L Hilliard and Michael C. Keith (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe “Media, Communication, and Culture in America,”; 1999—$32.95, ISBN 0–7656–0131–1, 288 pp., appendices, notes, index)

THE HIDDEN SCREEN: LOW‐POWER TELEVISION IN AMERICA by Robert C. Hilliard and Michael C. Keith (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1999—prices not given, ISBN 0–7656–0419–1 hard, 0–7656–0420–5, 212 pp., photos, notes, further reading, index)

ACTIVE RADIO: PACIFICA'S BRASH EXPERIMENT by Jeff Land (St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press “Commerce and Mass Culture,”; 1999—$42.95/16.95, ISBN 0–8166–3156–5 hard, 0–8166–3157–3 paper, 179 pp., photos, notes, bibliography, program index, text index)

MAKING SENSE OF TELEVISION: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF AUDIENCE INTERPRETATION by Sonia Livingstone (London: Routledge “International Series in Social Psychology,”; 1998 [2nd ed.]—$85.00/25.99, ISBN 0–415–18623–4 hard, 0–415–18536‐X paper, 212 pp., tables, bibliography, author and subject indexes)

TELEVISION: A MEDIA STUDENT'S GUIDE by David McQueen (London: Arnold, 1998—$55.00/18.95, ISBN 0–340–719764 hard, 0–340–70604‐X paper, 275 pp., illustrations, suggested readings, index)

HANDBOOK ON RADIO AND TELEVISION AUDIENCE RESEARCH by Graham Mytton (New York: UNICEF House, 1999 [Rev. and expanded ed.]—$20.95, paper, ISBN 92–806–3393–7, 191 pp., appendices, bibliography, glossary, references)

A BROADCAST ENGINEERING TUTORIAL FOR NON ENGINEERS (Washington, DC: NAB, 1999 [2nd ed.]—$49.95/29.97, paper, ISBN 0–89324–275–6, 209 pp., diagrams, index)

DIGITAL TELEVISION IN A DIGITAL ECONOMY: OPPORTUNITIES FOR BROADCASTERS by A. T. Kearney (Washington, DC: NAB, 1998— $164.99/98.99, paper, ISBN 0–89324–316–7, about 100 pp., charts, tables, notes, glossary)

NAB ENGINEERING HANDBOOK edited by Jerry Whitaker, et al (Washington, DC: NAB, 1999 [9th ed.]—$379.95/228.00, ISBN 0–089324–258–6, 1,572 pp., charts, diagrams, tables, chapter references and bibliography, CD‐ROM disc, index)

STATION CONSOLIDATION: A TECHNICAL PLANNING GUIDE FOR RADIO STATIONS by the NAB Science &; Technology Department (Washington, DC: NAB, 1997—$89.95/53.97, paper, ISBN 0–89324–311–6, 80 pp., diagrams, maps, appendices)

TOWER SITE REGULATION HANDBOOK by the NAB Science &;. Technology Department (Washington, DC: NAB, 1998—$99.95/59.95, paper, ISBN 0–89324–312–4, 533 pp., tables, diagrams, appendices)

UNITED STATES RBDS STANDARD: SPECIFICATION OF THE RADIO BROADCAST DATA SYSTEM (RBDS) by the National Radio Systems Committee of the Electronic Industries Association and the National Association of Broadcasters (Washington, DC: NAB, 1998—$49.95/29.97, paper, no ISBN provided, 202 pp., diagrams, tables, glossary, annexes)

RACE IN SPACE: THE REPRESENTATION OF ETHNICITY IN STAR TREK AND STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION by Micheal C. Pounds (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1999—$32.50, ISBN 0–8108–3322–0, 252 pp., figures, tables, notes, references, index)

PLAYERS ALL: PERFORMANCE IN CONTEMPORARY SPORT by Robert E. Rinehart (Bloomington: Indiana University Press “Drama and Performance Studies,”; 1998—$35.00 /15.95, ISBN 0–253–33426–8 hard, 0–253–21223–5 paper, 188 pp., notes, index)

DIRECTING FOR TELEVISION: CONVERSATIONS WITH AMERICAN TV DIRECTORS by Brian G. Rose (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1999—$32.50, ISBN 0–8108–3591–6, 227 pp., index)

BROADCASTING FREEDOM: RADIO, WAR, AND THE POLITICS OF RACE, 1938–1948 by Barbara Dianne Savage (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press “John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture,”; 1999—$45.00/18.95, ISBN 0–8078–2477–1 hard, 0–8078–4804–2 paper, 391 pp., illustrations, photos, notes, bibliography, and index)

TELEVISION AND NEW MEDIA AUDIENCES by Ellen Seiter (New York: Oxford University Press “Oxford Television Studies,”; 1999—$65.00/19.95, ISBN 0–19–871152–5 hard, 0–19–871141–7 paper, 154 pp., photos, bibliography, index)

UNTOUCHABLES by Tise Vahimagi (London: British Film Institute, 1998 [available from Indiana University Press]—$19.95, paper, ISBN 0–85170–563–4, 112 pp., photographs, index)     

International Communication

Richard R. Colino's The INTELSAT Definitive Arrangements: Ushering in a New Era on Satellite Telecommunications Geneva, Switzerland: European Broadcasting Union, 1973—about $5.00, paper)

Keith Geddes' Broadcasting in Britain: 1922-1972 (London: Science Museum, 1972—$1.50, paper)

Milton Shulman's The Least Worst Television in the World (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1973— $7.15)     

Electronic Media

THE FUTURE OF TELEVISION: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF PROGRAMMING, ADVERTISING, TECHNOLOGY AND GROWTH by Marc Doyle (Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books, 1992‐$39.95, ISBN 0–8442–3461–3, 187 pp.)

TELE‐ADVISING: THERAPEUTIC DISCOURSE IN AMERICAN TELEVISION by Mimi White (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992‐$29.95/10.95, ISBN 0–8078–2055–5 hard, 0–8078–4390–3, 218 pp.)

THE FACTS ON FILE DICTIONARY OF FILM AND BROADCASTTERMS by Edmund F. Penney (New York: Facts on File, 1991‐$29.95/14.95, ISBN 0–8160–1923–1 hard, 0–8160–2782‐X paper, 251 pp.)

SOCIETY'S IMPACT ON TELEVISION: HOW THE VIEWING PUBLIC SHAPES TELEVISION PROGRAMMING by Gary W. Selnow and Richard R. Gilbert (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993‐$49.95, ISBN 0–275–94390–9, 240 pp.)

TELELITERACY: TAKING TELEVISION SERIOUSLY by David Bianculli (New York: Continuum, 1992—$24.95, ISBN 0–8264–0535–5, 315 pp.).

THE RADIO STATION by Michael Keith, with Joseph M. Krause (Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1993—price not given, paper, ISBN 0–240–80159–8, 315 pp.)

ELECTRONIC MEDIA PROGRAMMING: STRATEGIES AND DECISION MAKING by Raymond L. Carroll and Donald M. Davis (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1993—price not given, ISBN 0–07–010298–8, 532 pp.)

WHY VIEWERS WATCH: A REAPPRAISAL OF TELEVISION EFFECTS by Jib Fowles (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992‐$19.95, paper, ISBN 0–8039–4077–7, 280 pp.)

CRITICAL THINKING IN AN IMAGE WORLD: ALFRED KORXYBSKI'S THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES EXTENDED TO CRITICAL TELEVISION EVALUATION by Geraldine E. Forsberg (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993–18.50, paper, ISBN 0–8191–8971–5, 208 pp.)

TUNED IN: TELEVISION IN AMERICAN LIFE by Lloyd DeGrane (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991‐$11.95, paper, ISBN 0–252–06222–1, about 80 pp.)

BROADCASTING/CABLE AND BEYOND: AN INTRODUCTION TO MODERN ELECTRONIC MEDIA by Joseph Dominick, Barry Sherman, and Gary Copeland (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1993—price not given, ISBN 0–07–017819–4, 493 pp.)

CABLE TELEVISION LAW 1993: LEARNING TO LIVE WITH THE 1992 CABLE ACT (Practicing Law Institute, 810 Seventh Ave., New York, NY 10019‐$80.00, paper, two vols, no ISBN given, 1,040 pp.)

BASIC LIGHTING WORKTEXT FOR FILM & VIDEO by Richard K. Ferncase (Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1992—price not given, paper, ISBN 0–240–80085–0, 109 pp.)

SINGLE‐CAMERA VIDEO PRODUCTION by Robert B. Musburger (Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1993‐$22.95, paper, ISBN 0–240–80034–6, 195 pp.)

THE AGE OF MISSING INFORMATION by Bill McKibben (New York: Random House, 1992‐$20.00, no ISBN available, 261 pp.)

POLITICAL BROADCAST CATECHISM (National Association of Broadcasters, 1771 N St. NW, Washington, DC 20036–1992, price not given, ISBN 0–89324–151–2, 103 pp.)

DUNCAN'S RADIO MARKET GUIDE 1993 EDITION (Duncan's American Radio, PO Box 90284, Indianapolis, IN 46290‐$265, paper, about 350 pp.)

BROADCAST AND CABLE SELLING by Charles Warner and Joseph Buchman (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993—price not given, ISBN 0–534–19770–1, 447 pp.)

DUNCAN'S RADIO COMMENTS... by James H. Duncan, Jr. (Duncan's American Radio, Box 90284, Indianapolis, IN 46290‐$50.00

PRICING & RATE FORECASTING USING BROADCAST YIELD MANAGEMENT by Shane Fox (Washington, DC: National Association of Broadcasters, 1992—price not given, paper, ISBN 0–89324–150–4, 138 pp.)     

Production Guides

VIDEO COMMUNICATION: STRUCTURING CONTENT FOR MAXIMUM PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS by David L. Smith (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1991—price not given, paper, ISBN 0-534-13146-8, 412 pp.)

RADIO PRODUCTION: ART AND SCIENCE by Michael C. Keith (Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1990—price not given, paper, ISBN 0-240-80017-6, 255 pp.)

TELEVISION AND RADIO ANNOUNCING by Stuart W. Hyde (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991—price not given, ISBN 0-395-54446-7, 576 pp.)

BROADCAST VOICE HANDBOOK: HOW TO POLISH YOUR ON-AIR DELIVERY by Ann S. Utterback (Chicago: Bonus Books, 1990—$26.95, ISBN 0-929387-16-3, 264 pp.)

HOW TO READ COPY: PROFESSIONAL'S GUIDE TO DELIVERING VOICE-OVERS AND BROADCAST COMMERCIALS by Adrian Cronauer (Chicago: Basic Books, 1990—$29.95, ISBN 0-929387-14-7, 208 pp.)

INSTITUTIONAL VIDEO: PLANNING, BUDGETING, PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION by Carl Hausman (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991—price not given, ISBN 0-534-12786-X, 295 pp.)

ELECTRONIC MOVIEMAKING by Lynne S. Gross and Larry W. Ward (Belmont: Wadsworth, 1991—no price given, paper, ISBN 0-534-13620-6, 313 pp.)

WRITING FOR TELEVISION AND RADIO by Robert L. Hilliard (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1991—no price given, paper, ISBN 0-534-14262-1, 485 pp.)

THE ESSENTIAL FEATURE: WRITING FOR MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS by Vicky Hay (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990—$45.00/20.00, ISBN 0-231-06886-7 hard, 0-231-06887-5 paper, 289 pp.)

MUSIC IN FILM AND VIDEO PRODUCTIONS by Dan Carlin, Sr. (Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1991—$21.95, paper, ISBN 0-240-80009-5, 173 pp.)

SPECIAL MAKE-UP EFFECTS by Vincent J-R Kehoe (Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1991—$19.95, paper, ISBN 0-240-80099-0, 134 pp.)

BROADCAST NEWS: WRITING AND REPORTING by Peter E. Mayeux (Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1991—price and ISBN not given, paper, 414 pp.)     

The relationships of trait verbal aggressiveness and frequency of viewing and enjoyment of television sitcoms

Verbal aggressiveness is the tendency to attack the self‐concept of another person with the intent to inflict psychological pain (Infante & Wigley, 1986). This study focused on how low and high verbally aggressives differ in the television sitcoms they watch and how enjoyable they find those shows. Participants (N = 555) first completed the Verbal Aggressiveness Scale. Then they were asked how often they watch particular television sitcoms and if they watched a given sitcom, how entertaining they found that show to be. The sitcoms included in this study were those that were televised in April 1996. Of the 33 shows included in the analyses, low verbal aggressives differed from high verbal aggressives on 8 shows for frequency of watching and on 11 shows for entertainment value.     

Communcating emotional support and its relationship to feelings of being understood,trust, and self‐disclosure

The communicating of emotional support would seem to be an aspect of any successful relationship. Additionally, it would seem to reason that how one communicates emotional support would be an aspect of a relationship pertinent to communication research. Unfortunately, there is very little empirical evidence that illuminates how this is related to other relational outcomes such as trust. Weber and Patterson (1996) first developed a measure that taps into how much emotional support one receives from a specific other. In their initial scale development piece the authors validate the Communication Based Emotional Support Scale (CBESS) by finding positive correlations with both relationship solidarity and relationship satisfaction. This current study aimed to further validate the CBESS by exploring its relationship to trust, self‐disclosure, and feelings of being understood.     

Communication,Relationships, and Religious Difference in the Northern Ireland Workplace: A Study of Private and Public Sector Organizations

Four large organizations, two each from the private and public sectors of the Northern Ireland economy, were selected for this study which, first, explored the effects of religion-based workforce difference on intergroup relationships, second, investigated the contribution of organizational sector to communicative differences, and third, gauged the effects of group-based negativity on the flow and distribution of functional information within the organization. Little evidence of intergroup conflict was found although employees expressed a desire for greater quantity and quality of outgroup contact. Significant differences between the private and public bodies emerged in this respect. Contrasts were consistent with general organizational differences typifying the sectors. Findings are discussed in relation to diversity management and the characteristics of organizational sectors.