历史与社会新课程教学·让学生心灵开放

新课程所蕴含的先进的教育理念,已经成为当前素质教育改革的重点,但是教师怎样才能顺应时代发展的潮流来构建符合新课程教学理念的创新教学模式？而这一问题,正是我们广大教师在新课程改革中需要思考和探索的实际问题。     

Current studies on two separate topics: breastfeeding postpartum length of hospital stay

IN THIS COLUMN, THE AUTHOR EXAMINES RECENT RESEARCH ON TWO SEPARATE TOPICS: 1) breastfeeding; 2) postpartum length of hospital stay. Recent studies suggest long-term effects of breastfeeding that benefit both mother and infant. Benefits include a reduced risk of breast cancer in breastfeeding mothers and a reduced level of total and LDH cholesterol in adults who were breastfed as infants. Infants of mothers with maternal asthma had lower rates of asthma if the mother breastfed. In a study of women in the United States who planned to breastfeed, those mothers who breastfed exclusively and planned to breastfeed more than three months were more likely to achieve their goals than mothers who planned to combine breast and human-milk substitute feeds and to breastfeed less than three months.In a Canadian study, shortened postpartum stays led to increased re-admission to hospital for mothers with cesarean births. In contrast, in a Massachusetts study, shortened postpartum stays did not lead to an increase in infant visits for urgent care. However, the Massachusetts study did not reflect a decrease in maternity-related costs associated with shortened length of postpartum stay.     

细小病毒MPV—Q株理化特性及其致病性的研究

细小病毒ＭＰＶ—Ｑ株是从患病雏番鸭体内分离的一种致病性病毒。电镜及理化特性检查表明该株病毒属细小病毒，圆形无囊膜，直径在２２—２４ｕｍ、对乙醚、胰蛋白酶、酸不敏感，对红细胞无凝集现象，对鸡、丽佳鸡、北京鸭、鹅无致病性。该病毒可引起雏番鸭发生以出血性肠炎为特征的急性败血性传染病。     

Value transfer in concurrent-schedule discriminations by pigeons

When pigeons are trained on a discrete-trial simultaneous discrimination, some of the value associated with the positive stimulus appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (Zentall & Sherburne, 1994). Pigeons preferred a negative stimulus that had been discriminated from an always-positive stimulus (S+) over a negative stimulus that had been discriminated from a sometimes-positive stimulus (S±). A very different finding (suggestive of transitivity of preference or contrast) was reported by Belke (1992). On concurrent probe tests of stimuli associated with equal variable interval (VI) schedules but originally trained in alternative concurrent pairs (one with a richer schedule, the other with a poorer schedule—VI 20 sec vs. VI 40 sec and VI 40 sec vs. VI 80 sec), the stimulus originally paired with the poorer schedule was preferred. But Belke’s results may have been obtained because the pigeons had been trained to peck the VI 40 sec paired with the poorer schedule and they had been trained not to peck the VI 40 sec paired with the richer schedule. In the present experiment, we avoided this bias by training pigeons on two concurrent schedules in which the tested stimuli both had been associated with the poorer schedule of the pair [A(VI 20 sec) vs. B(VI 80 sec) and C(VI 40 sec) vs. D(VI 80 sec)]. Evidence for value transfer was demonstrated when on probe trials pigeons preferred B over D.     

隋末骁果兵浅探

骁果兵是由隋炀帝在全国范围内招募的勇武豪侠之士组成的一支精锐部队.其最初的目的是为了征辽战争的需要,"雁门之围"之后发展成为一支完全由隋炀帝控制的亲军部队.从骁果兵的待遇、管理及使用等方面来看,它是与原有府兵完全不同的募兵."江都之变"之时,江都的主要军事力量是骁果兵.骁果的发展是隋炀帝加强中央集权的重要措施之一.     

Attention and curiosity in museums

Two hundred and thirty-four museum visitors of all ages were observed as they entered the Object Gallery area of the Florida State Museum. Visitors were observed under conditions where objects were available for close inspection but could not be manipulated (baseline data) and later when the same objects were placed on tables and were available for visitors to touch, move, and use a variety of senses to inspect them (intervention data). Data were recorded on the sex, age, and number of subjects in these areas under each of the above conditions. The results obtained show a significant increase in the number of visitors entering this section of the museum when manipulatable objects were available. Baseline data showed that 58.5% of the people who entered the Object Gallery went into the drawer section. However, when manipulatable objects were made available this increased to 82.3%. Chi-square analysis was used to determine whether the presence of manipulatable objects in the area increased the number of people who entered the area. It did (p < 0.05). Chi-square analysis was also used to determine whether entering the drawer section depended on age or sex. It was found that more children entered the drawer section than adults (p < 0.05) and significantly more female children and female adults entered as a result of intervention (p < 0.05). At the same time, more male children than adults entered after intervention (p < 0.05) than before. These data are supported by considerable curiosity research indicating that both children and adults are attracted to novel as well as complex stimuli which can be manipulated in both formal and free-choice environments. The data also support the growing movement to hands-on exhibits in natural history museums and science centers around the country, as well as hands-on classroom activities from the perspective of their attention attracting and holding power and their curiosity evoking characteristics. Whether these positive factors also lead to increased knowledge or skill development is a question yet to be explored.     

发达国家职业技术教育教学改革的特点和趋势

本归纳了发达国家职业技术教育课程设置的基础性、教学计划的弹性化、教学要求的实用性以及教学方式的灵活性等特征，并试评了发达国家职业技术教育教学发展的新动向。     

网络语音实验室条件下的教与学

从教学环境、学生和教师的角度,分析网络语音实验室条件下高校英语教学的优势与问题,并提出有必要对师生进行课程前期实验室使用和维护的培训;学生需要建立科学的网络学习观,培养个性学习策略和方法;教师应强化网络教学的教学形式、评价体系并适应角色转换。     

高校实验室安全事故应急管理体系研究

通过对高校实验室安全管理现状的分析,指出目前高校在实验室安全管理应急预案建设中存在的问题。结合浙江工业大学的实际,提出实验室安全事故应急管理体系由应急工作组织系统、预测预警系统、信息报送系统、应急响应系统和后期处置系统组成,同时彰明建立、推广一套科学的实验室安全事故应急管理体系的必要性,以实现高校实验室安全管理。     

公共图书馆免费开放视野下的古籍读者服务

在公共图书馆免费开放的背景下,古籍读者服务工作也相应发生了变化。在古籍阅览的规定方面减少了手续,降低了收费标准,但相应的古籍服务仍不应该完全免费;针对古籍读者群体专业性、目的性强、地域广泛性等特点,公共图书馆应在古籍原件保护、图书馆员业务水平、古籍数字化、地方文献开发和古籍阅览环境等方面采取措施,做好古籍读者服务工作。