中国现行高校学生资助政策评估

2007年,国务院发布了《关于建立健全普通本科高校高等职业学校和中等职业学校家庭经济困难学生资助政策体系的意见》。本文基于简单随机样本,运用非参数和半参数等方法对我国现行高校学生资助政策予以评估,考察各种类型学生资助的分配情况。研究发现:政府资助在不同大学间公平分配,同时在学校内部分配时能够惠及家庭经济困难学生;与此相反,大学资助和社会资助不能完全惠及家庭经济困难学生。此外,在最具选择性大学就读的学生得到了更多的学生资助而支付更低的学费。最后,还有相当比例的家庭经济困难学生没有得到任何资助。     

中小学教育质量综合评价工作的启发与改进策略——基于对安庆市综评示范区建设情况的思考

教育质量综合评价改革是深化教育综合改革、增强教育治理能力的关键环节,是破解素质教育难题、落实立德树人根本任务的重要举措,是顺应时代发展、建立有特色的评价体系、实现教育现代化的必然要求。安庆市作为国家30个实验区之一,经过五年的实验探索,顺利由实验区向示范区转变。但在实验过程中,我们也发现了一些需要进一步改进的问题。本文旨在通过对实验工作的思考,指出教育评价工作面临的问题,并提出改进策略。     

地方高校“光电信息”新工科专业建设的探讨与实践

“光电信息科学与工程”位列教育部新工科六大最具前景专业的前茅。本文通过对专业教学指导规范的分析,结合个人的实践经验,从光电信息科学与工程的专业定位、学科与专业建设、专业思想教育等角度进行了探讨,提出了地方高校“光电信息”专业建设的建议及实施案例,为地方高校“光电信息”专业建设提供了参考。     

浅谈新形势下高职院校创业基金服务大学生创业的功能、现状及优化措施——以西双版纳职业技术学院为例

近年来我国高职院校大学生创业基金快速发展,但其管理及使用绩效不高,未能全面发挥自身促进大学生创业的作用。西双版纳职业技术学院是云南省西双版纳州唯一一所综合性的高职院校,由于受各种客观因素的制约,我校在创业教育及创业教育基金的管理等方面才刚刚起步,存在很多问题亟待解决。笔者结合自身十余年教学及管理工作的经验,以云南省西双版纳职业技术学院为例,分析高职院校创业基金功能,并联系西双版纳职业技术学院创业教育现状及创业基金管理实际给出针对性的优化措施,以期为更好地发挥高职院校创业基金的作用提供一些有益的借鉴。     

Enabling Mg metal anodes rechargeable in conventional electrolytes by fast ionic transport interphase

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have received extensive attention as the Mg anodes possess twice the volumetric capacity of their lithium counterparts and are dendrite-free. However, Mg anodes suffer from surface passivation film in most glyme-based conventional electrolytes, leading to irreversible plating/stripping behavior of Mg. Here we report a facile and safe method to obtain a modified Mg metal anode with a Sn-based artificial layer via ion-exchange and alloying reactions. In the artificial coating layer, Mg₂Sn alloy composites offer a channel for fast ion transport and insulating MgCl₂/SnCl₂ bestows the necessary potential gradient to prevent deposition on the surface. Significant improved ion conductivity of the solid electrolyte interfaces and decreased overpotential of Mg symmetric cells in Mg(TFSI)₂/DME electrolyte are obtained. The coated Mg anodes can sustain a stable plating/stripping process over 4000 cycles at a high current density of 6 mA cm⁻². This finding provides an avenue to facilitate fast ion diffusion kinetics of Mg metal anodes in conventional electrolytes.     

Surface superconductivity in the type II Weyl semimetal TaIrTe4

The search for unconventional superconductivity in Weyl semimetal materials is currently an exciting pursuit, since such superconducting phases could potentially be topologically non-trivial and host exotic Majorana modes. The layered material TaIrTe₄ is a newly predicted time-reversal invariant type II Weyl semimetal with the minimum number of Weyl points. Here, we report the discovery of surface superconductivity in Weyl semimetal TaIrTe₄. Our scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) visualizes Fermi arc surface states of TaIrTe₄ that are consistent with the previous angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy results. By a systematic study based on STS at ultralow temperature, we observe uniform superconducting gaps on the sample surface. The superconductivity is further confirmed by electrical transport measurements at ultralow temperature, with an onset transition temperature (T_c) up to 1.54 K being observed. The normalized upper critical field h*(T/T_c) behavior and the stability of the superconductivity against the ferromagnet indicate that the discovered superconductivity is unconventional with the p-wave pairing. The systematic STS, and thickness- and angular-dependent transport measurements reveal that the detected superconductivity is quasi-1D and occurs in the surface states. The discovery of the surface superconductivity in TaIrTe₄ provides a new novel platform to explore topological superconductivity and Majorana modes.     

Superconductivity in chromium nitrides Pr3Cr10-xN11 with strong electron correlations

Exploration of superconductivity in Cr-based compounds has attracted considerable interest because only a few Cr-based superconductors (CrAs, A₂Cr₃As₃ and ACr₃As₃ (A = K, Rb, Cs, Na)) have been discovered so far and they show an unconventional pairing mechanism. We report the discovery of bulk superconductivity at 5.25 K in chromium nitride in Pr₃Cr_10-xN₁₁ with a cubic lattice structure. A relatively large upper critical field of H_c2(0) ∼ 12.6 T is determined, which is larger than the estimated Pauli-paramagnetic pair-breaking magnetic field. The material has a large electronic specific-heat coefficient of 170 mJ K⁻² mol⁻¹—about 10 times larger than that estimated by the electronic structure calculation, which suggests that correlations between 3d electrons are very strong in Pr₃Cr_10-xN₁₁, and thus quantum fluctuations might be involved. Electronic structure calculations show that the density of states at the Fermi energy are contributed predominantly by Cr 3d electrons, implying that the superconductivity results mainly from the condensation of Cr 3d electrons. Pr₃Cr_10-xN₁₁ represents a rare example of possible unconventional superconductivity emerging in a 3D system with strong electron correlations. Nevertheless, clarification of the specific pairing symmetry needs more investigation.     

Understanding divergent domestication traits from the whole-genome sequencing of swamp- and river-buffalo populations

Domesticated buffaloes have been integral to rice-paddy agro-ecosystems for millennia, yet relatively little is known about the buffalo genomics. Here, we sequenced and assembled reference genomes for both swamp and river buffaloes and we re-sequenced 230 individuals (132 swamp buffaloes and 98 river buffaloes) sampled from across Asia and Europe. Beyond the many actionable insights that our study revealed about the domestication, basic physiology and breeding of buffalo, we made the striking discovery that the divergent domestication traits between swamp and river buffaloes can be explained with recent selections of genes on social behavior, digestion metabolism, strengths and milk production.     

试论功能发展型产品创新

沿着既有的技术功能方向进行的产品创新即可称为功能发展型产品创新。阐述了功能发展型产品创新的意义和实现途径,指出这种利用新的技术手段去发展以往的产品技术功能是十分有效的产品创新形式。