儒学的嬗变与中国传统教育思想的变迁

孔子开私人讲学之先河,创立了儒家学说。儒家学说几经演变,由原始儒学而经学,而中兴,直至理学,发展成为比较完整而庞大的思想体系,横亘于整个封建社会。可以说,任何一家学说都无法取代儒学的地位,无论哪一个封建朝代都离不开儒学,无论哪一个封建统治者都不会放弃儒学,整个封建社会的教育思想几乎是儒学的教育思想。可见儒学对教育思想影响之大。     

高职院校“双师型”教师自主评价的问题及对策

加强“双师型”教师自主评价是完善高职院校教师评价制度、提升高职院校教师队伍质量的重要保障。目前,高职院校“双师型”教师自主评价存在教师自评审视不够深入、自评标准缺乏科学设计、自评实施缺乏外部依据等比较明显的问题。基于对现状的分析,提出如下的建议：科学认识教师评价,建立反思性为主的教师自评机制;科学制定评价指标,构建可操作的教师自评体系;创设制度环境,保障教师自评与他评有机结合等。     

剖宫产术后疼痛调查

目的寻找剖宫产患者术后不同时间疼痛程度的变化,为临床上准确及时采取镇痛措施提供依据.方法随机抽样100例接受连续硬膜外麻醉下行子宫下段剖宫产的患者,通过制定调查问卷,根据视觉模拟评分法(VAS)调查患者安静,咳嗽和活动时切口疼痛及其恶心、镇静程度,分别在术前、术毕、术后第4、8、12h及此后每12h调查一次,直至术后第144h.结果术后疼痛高峰期在安静时为术后4～24h(VAS值=5.16±0.35),咳动时为术后4～36h(VAS值=6.25±0.56)分别与各自术后整个过程VAS均值(2.13±0.56、3.45±0.28)比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),二种状况疼痛高峰期无显著性差异(P＞0.05),咳动时高峰期显著延长.术前宫缩痛(VAS值＜4)与(VAS值≥4)两类患者的术后安静时疼痛有显著性差异(P＞0.01).在咳动时,无显著性差异(P＞0.05);疼痛与焦虑、文化程度呈正相关,与术后肠功能恢复呈负相关.结论术后4～36h为剖宫产术后疼痛的高峰期,尤其术前宫缩痛VAS＜4的患者,在术后更引起注意,并可及时采取合理镇痛措施.     

"日本军国主义已经复活"问题探析

日本在佐藤荣作执政末期,垄断资本膨胀,海外经济扩张加剧,军事力量加强,日美军事同盟巩固,并顽固坚持反共反华立场,中国据此曾一度提出"日本军国主义已经复活"的论断.这一论断虽然未必完全符合实际情况,但它对于警惕和防止日本军国主义复活,推进中日邦交正常化的实现所起的作用,仍是应该肯定的.     

高中学业水平合格性考试命题难度控制技术的探究——以信息技术学科为例

高中信息技术学业水平合格性考试作为标准参照性考试,命题过程需要按照考试目标及要求做好难度控制,通过准确预估试题难度控制试卷难度,实现考试结果与考试目标的一致。命题难度控制技术包括试题的难度预估、试卷难度的控制。通过确定影响难度的主要客观因素、设计简便易行的试题难度计算方法、建立试题难度预估的参照模型等三个环节探究试题难度预估的方法,结合实例进一步探究试卷难度的控制技术。     

Is right ventricular mid-septal pacing superior to apical pacing in patients with high degree atrio-ventricular block and moderately depressed left ventricular function?

Objective

We are aimed to investigate whether right ventricular mid-septal pacing (RVMSP) is superior to conventional right ventricular apical pacing (RVAP) in improving clinical functional capacity and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) for patients with high-degree atrio-ventricular block and moderately depressed left ventricle (LV) function.

Methods

Ninety-two patients with high-degree atrio-ventricular block and moderately reduced LVEF (ranging from 35% to 50%) were randomly allocated to RVMSP (n=45) and RVAP (n=47). New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, echocardiographic LVEF, and distance during a 6-min walk test (6MWT) were determined at 18 months after pacemaker implantation. Serum levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.

Results

Compared with baseline, NYHA functional class remained unchanged at 18 months, distance during 6MWT (485 m vs. 517 m) and LVEF (36.7% vs. 41.8%) were increased, but BNP levels were reduced (2352 pg/ml vs. 710 pg/ml) in the RVMSP group compared with those in the RVAP group, especially in patients with LVEF 35%–40% (for all comparisons, P<0.05). However, clinical function capacity and LV function measurements were not significantly changed in patients with RVAP, despite the pacing measurements being similar in both groups, such as R-wave amplitude and capture threshold.

Conclusions

RVMSP provides a better clinical utility, compared with RVAP, in patients with high-degree atrioventricular block and moderately depressed LV function whose LVEF levels ranged from 35% to 40%.     

固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定水中七氯

实验采用固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法对水样的七氯进行分析,优化前处理条件及气相色谱质谱条件,方法最低检测质量浓度可达0.00005mg/L,标准曲线的线性相关系数r2=0.998线性范围为0.0002～0.01mg/L,样品平均加标回收率在101.7%～112.4%之间,相对标准偏差在1.81%～5.15%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、准确、重现性好。     

爱心感化 信心激励 耐心指导——用“三心”做好高校留级生转化工作的体会

随着高校扩招,留级生所占的比例不断上升,如何有效地做好留级生的转化工作,已是摆在全体学生工作者面前的一个全新课题。作者根据自己的工作体会,用爱心、信心和耐心做好高校留级生转化工作,取得了一定的成效。     

服务大局 加强基础 扶持青年——中国科学学与科技政策研究会第三届理事会工作报告

--编者注中国科学学与科技政策研究会第三届理事会是在1997年1月组成的，至今已有四年，任期届满。现受理事会的委托，向大会作工作报告。四年来，我会在中国科协和民政部的领导下，高举邓小平建设中国特色社会主义理论的伟大旗帜，紧跟党中央的伟大战略部署，积极贯彻党的各项方针政策，大力发挥研究会学术性群众团体的作用，组织广大会员，为实施科教兴国战略和可持续发展战略，为实现经济体制和经济增长方式的根本转变，为“两个文明”建设，多做贡献。我们积极开展课题研究，组织学术交流活动，编辑出版学术性书刊，举办学术报告会、研讨会和培训班，同国际上科学学研究组织进行联系与合作，建立健全研究会组织，在科学学的学科建设方面，以及为政府有关部门提供决策参考意见等方面，做了大量的工作，取得了显著的成绩。中国科学学事业已经出现了一个新的局面，进入了一个新的发展阶段。 1 历史的回顾 在千年交汇之际，满怀信心地总结我们的工作时，我们不应该忘记过去。因为，今天的成绩是在前人基础上完成的，而未来又会从我们的基础上向前迈进，取得新的发展。回顾、反思和总结过去，吸取前人的经验教训，对于今后的事业是会有很大好处的。“科学学”实际上也就是这样一门对人类有史以来的科学进行回顾、反思和总结的科学。 科学学从它的萌芽到今天的繁荣，大约已有近百年的历史了。回顾它那风风雨雨的发展历程，我们可以看到，它大体经过了萌芽、形成、发展和繁荣四个阶段。 本世纪初至20年代，是科学学的萌芽阶段。     

Understanding the topic evolution of scientific literatures like an evolving city: Using Google Word2Vec model and spatial autocorrelation analysis

Topic evolution has been described by many approaches from a macro level to a detail level, by extracting topic dynamics from text in literature and other media types. However, why the evolution happens is less studied. In this paper, we focus on whether and how the keyword semantics can invoke or affect the topic evolution. We assume that the semantic relatedness among the keywords can affect topic popularity during literature surveying and citing process, thus invoking evolution. However, the assumption is needed to be confirmed in an approach that fully considers the semantic interactions among topics. Traditional topic evolution analyses in scientometric domains cannot provide such support because of using limited semantic meanings. To address this problem, we apply the Google Word2Vec, a deep learning language model, to enhance the keywords with more complete semantic information. We further develop the semantic space as an urban geographic space. We analyze the topic evolution geographically using the measures of spatial autocorrelation, as if keywords are the changing lands in an evolving city. The keyword citations (keyword citation counts one when the paper containing this keyword obtains a citation) are used as an indicator of keyword popularity. Using the bibliographical datasets of the geographical natural hazard field, experimental results demonstrate that in some local areas, the popularity of keywords is affecting that of the surrounding keywords. However, there are no significant impacts on the evolution of all keywords. The spatial autocorrelation analysis identifies the interaction patterns (including High-High leading, High-Low suppressing) among the keywords in local areas. This approach can be regarded as an analyzing framework borrowed from geospatial modeling. Moreover, the prediction results in local areas are demonstrated to be more accurate if considering the spatial autocorrelations.