Orientational dyslexia: Notes from the field

Annals of Dyslexia -     

Effects of Perinatal HIV Infection and Early Institutional Rearing on Physical and Cognitive Development of Children in Ukraine

To study the effects of perinatal HIV-1 infection and early institutional rearing on the physical and cognitive development of children, 64 Ukrainian uninfected and HIV-infected institutionalized and family-reared children were examined (mean age = 50.9 months). Both HIV infection and institutional care were related to delays in physical and cognitive development, with a larger effect of the rearing environment. Family care, even of compromised quality, was found to be more favorable for children's physical and cognitive development than institutional care. The impact of the quality of child care on physical and cognitive development is discussed in light of future interventions.     

Dealing with the Powers that Be

Abstract

This study drew on the life history approach, specifically life story through interview, to examine a bellwether case of an experienced teacher implementing a new senior high school subject in the area of physical and health education. Discussions with the teacher focussed on power relations at her school as they affected and were affected by the implementation process.

Two theoretical approaches were used to analyse the data. First, Ball's micro‐political conceptual frame (power, goal diversity, ideological disputation, conflict, interests, political activity, and control) was used to provide a meaningful basis for discussing her political activity. Second, in focussing specifically on power Gore's framework of four conceptions of power (‐as‐property, ‐as‐dominance, ‐as‐productive, and ‐as‐creative energy) took the analysis to a deeper level to probe how the teacher conceptualised, dealt with, and mobilised power.

These analyses revealed that in implementing the new subject she had to deal with disputed ideologies about the nature of physical education within her department and about the relative value of different subjects between her department and other faculties. She also had to contend with the pervasive ideology of mind over body as reflected in the traditional curriculum championed by the principal.

What strongly came through in this study was the teacher's strategic approach to deal with opposing forces, particularly how she negotiated avoiding direct confrontation with those who represented administrative power in her school. Besides teachers requiring substantial subject matter and content pedagogical knowledge (Shulman, L., 1987), as with Sparkes, Templin and Schempp's examination of physical education as a marginalised subject (Sparkes, A., Templin, T. & Schempp, P., 1990), this research suggests that those introducing a curriculum innovation need to understand the micro‐political forces that operate within their schools and to develop strategies that deal with those forces and to use them to advantage. Effective strategies, in this context, were associated with reducing professional isolation through developing professional networks and balancing a non‐confrontationalist approach with the need to take a stance on an ideological position. From this study, it is clearly evident that curriculum implementation is a political activity.     

美国早期特殊教育师资培养体系反思及启示

早期特殊教育不仅在促进每个障碍儿童的发展和提高其家庭生活质量方面起着至关重要的作用,而且有着巨大的社会效益和经济效益,是和谐社会的重要组成部分。美国法律规定0—21岁的所有障碍儿童有权获得免费和适当的教育,由具有专业化水平的相关人员为这些儿童提供服务和支持。本文从政策层面到实践层面对美国的早期特殊教育师资培养体系进行了系统、全面地分析,了解其现状和存在的挑战,以及未来发展的趋势,以期为促进我国早期特殊教育师资培养体系的发展提供一些理论和实践上的参考。     

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