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61.
Nicholas John Munn 《Ethics and Information Technology》2012,14(1):1-10
In this article I examine a recent development in online communication, the immersive virtual worlds of Massively Multiplayer
Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs). I argue that these environments provide a distinct form of online experience from the
experience available through earlier generation forms of online communication such as newsgroups, chat rooms, email and instant
messaging. The experience available to participants in MMORPGs is founded on shared activity, while the experience of earlier
generation online communication is largely if not wholly dependent on the communication itself. This difference, I argue,
makes interaction in immersive virtual worlds such as MMORPGs relevantly similar to interaction in the physical world, and
distinguishes both physical world and immersive virtual world interaction from other forms of online communication. I argue
that to the extent that shared activity is a core element in the formation of friendships, friendships can form in immersive
virtual worlds as they do in the physical world, and that this possibility was unavailable in earlier forms of online interaction.
I do, however, note that earlier forms of online interaction are capable of sustaining friendships formed through either physical
or immersive virtual world interaction. I conclude that we cannot any longer make a sharp distinction between the physical
and the virtual world, as the characteristics of friendship are able to be developed in each. 相似文献
62.
Nicholas Popper 《Archival Science》2010,10(3):249-266
This article investigates the long-term transformations in England’s documentary storage regime wrought by the Reformation.
Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries famously resulted in the dispersal and destruction of many medieval texts and
records, but he and his successors sponsored efforts to retrieve lost materials, which they then used in the formation of
ecclesiastical policy. Elizabethan counselors expanded the scope of this project, applying their expertise in gathering records
to secular issues and assiduously preserving their own documents. During James I’s reign, the Earl of Salisbury’s patronage
gave new authority to the State Paper Office, encouraging the consolidation of a centralizing archive that integrated earlier
methods of collection, preservation, and indexing in its operation and construction. The article thus offers an analytic trajectory
tying the practices of Reformation to the development of expanding national archives in the seventeenth century. 相似文献
63.
The self-initiated learning activities of experienced public school teachers are examined in this study. Twenty-two experienced teachers were interviewed to develop a greater understanding of the types of self-initiated learning activities in which they engage and the organizational characteristics that influence their participation in those activities. Analysis of the data showed that experienced teachers engaged in three types of self-initiated learning activities: knowledge exchanging, experimenting, and environmental scanning. Participation in these activities was influenced by the availability of resources, physical layout, and level of centralization in their schools. Implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research in teacher learning and development are discussed. 相似文献
64.
65.
This study investigates the degree to which grades based solely on constructed-response (CR) questions differ from grades based solely on multiple-choice (MC) questions. If CR questions are to justify their higher costs, they should produce different grade outcomes than MC questions. We use a data set composed of thousands of observations on individual students in introductory economics classes at a large public university. We note that the instructors of these classes made conscientious efforts to write CR questions that assessed higher levels of learning (Bloom, 1956). Despite this, we find relatively little difference in grade outcomes. Our analysis suggests that switching from an all-CR assessment to an all-MC assessment would produce grade variations that are similar to the differences that are observed for students across different tests. Although other studies have focused on test scores, frequently AP test scores, our study is the first to focus attention on university grades. We hope that our inability to identify substantial benefits to CR questions in terms of grades will stimulate further research to identify substantive benefits from using the more costly CR questions. 相似文献
66.
The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the number of targets specified on the quality of exploratory factor analysis solutions with a complex underlying structure and incomplete substantive measurement theory. Three Monte Carlo studies were performed based on the ratio of the number of observed variables to the number of underlying factors. Within each study, communality, sample size, and the number of targets were manipulated. Outcomes included a measure of congruence and a measure of variability with regard to the rotated pattern matrix. The magnitude of the main effect for the influence of the number of targets on congruence and variability ranged from moderate to large. The magnitude of the interaction between the number of targets and level of communality ranged from small to moderate with regard to congruence and variability. Consistent with theoretical expectations, the minimum number of targets to specify to be reasonably assured of obtaining an accurate solution varied across study conditions. 相似文献
67.
68.
Maria Nicholas 《International Journal of Research & Method in Education》2018,41(2):125-141
This paper explores the affordances of using video-based research to capture a multiplicity of events, along with multimodal representations when producing data related to adult–child book readings. In doing this we answer two questions: (1) why more than one event is needed when seeking a comprehensive collection of information for the purpose of analysis; and (2) why one mode of data production alone (e.g. audio recordings or note taking) is insufficient to record practice or interviews when richness is of priority. This research used three videoed events to produce data. These included videoing: (1) caregiver–child interactions during four shared book reading sessions, (2) interviews with caregivers immediately following each of the reading sessions and (3) video-stimulated discussions with caregivers within two months of the final shared book reading. In this paper, I contribute to discussions that highlight the affordances of using video-based research as a means of capturing the multimodal elements of an experience, which can contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data. I expand on this, however, to suggest that when coupled with a multiplicity of events, video-based research can be a means of pursuing richness via a method that has been criticized for its narrow subjectivity. 相似文献
69.
Andrew Schaefer Rene E. D. Ferdinands Nicholas O’Dwyer 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(10):1085-1095
ABSTRACT Fast bowling is categorised into four action types: side-on, front-on, semi-open and mixed; however, little biomechanical comparison exists between action types in junior fast bowlers. This study investigated whether there are significant differences between action-type mechanics in junior fast bowlers. Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic analyses were completed on 60 junior male fast bowlers bowling a five-over spell. Mixed-design factorial analyses of variance were used to test for differences between action-type groups across the phases of the bowling action. One kinetic difference was observed between groups, with a higher vertical ground reaction force loading rate during the front-foot contact phase in mixed and front-on compared to semi-open bowlers; no other significant group differences in joint loading occurred. Significant kinematic differences were observed between the front-on, semi-open and mixed action types during the front-foot contact phase for the elbow and trunk. Significant kinematic differences were also present for the ankle, T12-L1, elbow, trunk and pelvis during the back-foot phase. Overall, most differences in action types for junior fast bowlers occurred during the back-foot contact phase, particularly trunk rotation and T12-L1 joint angles/ranges of motion, where after similar movement patterns were utilized across groups during the front-foot contact phase. 相似文献
70.
ABSTRACTCharles Spearman and L. L. Thurstone were pioneers in the field of intelligence. They not only developed methods to assess and understand intelligence, but also developed theories about its structure and function. Methodologically, their approaches were not that distinct, but their theories of intelligence were philosophically very different – and this difference is still seen in modern approaches to intellectual assessment. In this article, we describe their theories of intelligence and then trace how these theories have influenced the development and use of intelligence instruments, paying particular attention to score interpretation. 相似文献