Constrained Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Two-level Mean and Covariance Structure Models

Maximum likelihood is commonly used for estimation of model parameters in analysis of two-level structural equation models. Constraints on model parameters could be encountered in some situations such as equal factor loadings for different factors. Linear constraints are the most common ones and they are relatively easy to handle in maximum likelihood analysis. Nonlinear constraints could be encountered in complicated applications. In this paper we develop an EM-type algorithm for estimating model parameters with both linear and nonlinear constraints. The empirical performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by a Monte Carlo study. Application of the algorithm for linear constraints is illustrated by setting up a two-level mean and covariance structure model for a real two-level data set and running an EQS program.     

电影《紫色》中西莉的“妇女主义”意识的觉醒与成长探析

电影《紫色》通过三次出现的紫色的花海来表现主人公在不同的阶段的成长历程,最后也通过紫色的花海来照应,体现了主人公西莉的“妇女主义”意识的觉醒和成长过程,较好地忠实于原著.紫色花海在电影中的贯穿以及前后的相互照应,让原著中西莉“妇女主义”意识的觉醒这一艰难过程变得更加立体化,人物形象也变得更加得饱满、生动.     

试论巴赫钢琴复调音乐

钢琴作品充满复调结构,复调音乐是每位钢琴学习者的必修课.复调大师巴赫的钢琴作品《巴赫初级钢琴曲集》和《巴赫创意曲集》是学习复调音乐的最佳教材,学习过程中不仅需要在音乐理论上掌握复调音乐的创作特点,还应着重训练大脑多层次思维能力、多声部听辨能力及手指控制能力,如均衡、力度、色彩、声音等的准确表现和音乐性质的统一.     

Professionally mediated peer support and early breastfeeding success

Social support interventions that incorporate professionally mediated peer support (PMPS) for improved breastfeeding outcomes were compared with no special breastfeeding support. Fifty-five breastfeeding mothers participated. The breastfeeding outcomes of duration, completeness, satisfaction, and exclusive breastfeeding were compared at 6 weeks postpartum among an experimental group that received PMPS, and among younger community (YC) and older community (OC) groups that received no special breastfeeding support. The PMPS group exclusively breastfed for a significantly longer duration than the YC group. At 6 weeks, mothers in both community groups who had weaned were significantly less satisfied with their breastfeeding experiences than the mothers who were still nursing their babies. Professionally mediated peer support can improve the early breastfeeding outcomes of duration of exclusive breastfeeding and satisfaction with breastfeeding.     

少数民族汉语写作教学中的偏误分析及对策

写作课是一门学习对汉字、词汇、语法、书写格式、标调符号等进行综合运用的语言实践课。其教学目的是培养学生运用汉语进行书面表达,不断纠正错误,排除母语干扰,逐步提高汉语书面表达能力。随着“民族汉考”的推广,写作课也成为少数民族汉语教学中不可忽视的内容。本文就针对少数民族汉语写作教学中发现的偏误,从书写格式上、语言上的偏误进行分析,提出对策,进一步提供语言知识,文化知识,写作技巧来指导学习者写作,从而帮助大家提高写作水平。     

Maltreatment and disabilities: a population-based epidemiological study

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of abuse and neglect among a population of children identified as a function of an existing disability, relate specific types of disabilities to specific types of abuse, and to determine the effect of abuse and neglect on academic achievement and attendance rates for children with and without disabilities. METHOD: An electronic merger of school records with Central Registry, Foster Care Review Board, and police databases was followed by a detailed record review of the circumstances of maltreatment. RESULTS: Analyses of the circumstances of maltreatment and the presence of disabilities established a 9% prevalence rate of maltreatment for nondisabled children and a 31% prevalence rate for the disabled children. Thus, the study established a significant association between the presence of an educationally relevant disability and maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Children with disabilities are 3.4 times more likely to be maltreated than nondisabled peers. School professionals need to be cognizant of the high base rate of maltreatment among the children they serve. Disability status needs to be considered in national incidence studies of maltreatment.     

探析道家思想对心理咨询的启示

本文以《道德经》中的句子进行佐证,从四个方面来阐释道家思想对心理咨询的启示：1．清静无为,顺其自然——强调洞明世事,认识规律;2．利而不害,为而不争——强调和谐意识,与人为善;3．少私寡欲,知足知止——强调节制物欲,调整期望值;4．知和处下,以柔胜刚——强调虚静恬淡,调整心态;5．自知者明,自胜者强——强调自我意识,正确评价自己。