Niels Bohr and the atomic structure

Niels Bohr developed hismodel of the atomic structure in 1913 that succeeded in explaining the spectral features of hydrogen atom. In the process, he incorporated some non-classical features such as discrete energy levels for the bound electrons, and quantization of their angular momenta.     

Counting subspaces of a finite vector space — 1

This is the first of a two-part series where we discuss the relation between the Gaussian binomial and multinomial coefficients and ordinary binomial and multinomial coefficients from a combinatorial viewpoint, based on expositions by Knuth, Stanley and Butler.     

Expression of Telomere Binding Proteins (RAP1 and POT1) in Renal Cell Carcinoma and Their Correlation with Clinicopathological Parameters

Telomere stability is indispensable for continuous proliferation of cells. Telomere structure is maintained by group of six proteins termed as shelterin. RAP1 and POT1 proteins are significant members of shelterin complex. Expression of RAP1 and POT1 are crucial for telomere maintenance and hence uncontrolled division of cells. Notably, expression of RAP1 and POT1 is unknown in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In view of these facts, the present study was initiated to investigate the expression of RAP1 and POT1 in RCC and their relationships with clinicopathological features. In total 65 histopathologically confirmed RCC cases and their adjacent normal renal parenchyma were analyzed for gene expression. The mRNA expression of telomere binding proteins RAP1 and POT1 were measured using RT-PCR. Expression of RAP1 was observed to be significantly increased in tumour tissues as compared to corresponding normal renal tissues (P = 0.004). The gene expression of RAP1 was documented to be related to grades of RCC (P = 0.002) and subtypes of RCC (P = 0.01). Although, POT1 expression was up-regulated in RCC tissue, however it was not statistically significant. Also, POT1 expression was not related to grades, stages and subtypes of RCC. This is the first study which shows correlation RAP1 with grades and subtypes of RCC.     

Comparative Study of Two ELISA Kits for Estimation of Antibodies to Hepatitis B Virus in Human Normal Immunoglobulin and Specific Immunoglobulin Intended for Intravenous or Intramuscular Use

Current study is conducted to evaluate method verification of two locally available kits manufactured by DSI & BIORAD for quantitative estimation of Hepatitis B virus antibodies in human normal immunoglobulin by using International standard of National Institute of Biological Standards and Control. Four analyst perform five sets of test in duplicate analysing accuracy, precision, and limit of detection, sensitivity and specificity. Our results suggest that both DSI and BIORAD kits fulfil the validation criteria and are sensitive to detect up to 10 mIU concentration precisely and accurately. DSI kit is more precise at concentration 100 mIU and economically 4–5 times cheaper in local market; on the other hand, BIORAD kits provide larger detection range up to 1000 mIU.     

Nonlinearity, conservation law and shocks

We present in two parts, a mathematical theory of conservation laws using the language of physics. In Part I we explain the concept of a special type of nonlinearity which appears in an important class of evolutionary processes governed by hyperbolic partial differential equations. For simplicity, we develop the theory using a simple model equation. We show that it is possible to extend the concept of solutions with discontinuities with the help of a conservation form of the equation.     

Errors in <Emphasis Type="Italic">The Feynman Lectures on Physics</Emphasis>

We discuss some errors in The Feynman Lectures on Physics related to the concept of symmetry. We also suggest a possible correction to Fig.1.4 of Vol. I. The discussion may be useful for students of crystallography, solid state physics and solid state chemistry.     

Female Motivation in the Patriarchal School: an analysis of primary textbooks and school organisation in Nepal,and some strategies for change

Nepal is currently the focus of much attention in the form of aid and advice from the international community, and policy documents and proposals recognise the importance of education opportunities for girls and women as one of the cornerstones for successful development. Our concern was that in spite of policy intentions few real strategies exist with regard to the implementation of policy. Our research focused on the textbooks and school organisation patterns currently in use in Nepalese primary schools as this focus has not to date been addressed in Nepal. In suggesting short‐ and long‐term strategies as a response to the research findings, we hope that these suggestions may make a small contribution to educational research in Nepal.

     

A note on growth of superconductivity patents with two new indicators

Patent statistics may be indicative of growth and evolution of technologies in relation to a scientific field or sub-field of research. In this paper annual growth of patents in the field of superconductivity has been studied. The data in five-yearly cumulation have been set against research papers on superconductivity to show comparative growth of basic research and technological development. Two simple indicators have been devised to understand the apparent influence of basic research on technology and trends of relative growth.