Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation

Affective neuroscience and cognitive science approaches are useful for understanding the components of emotion regulation; several examples from current research are provided. Individual differences in emotion regulation and a focus on the context of emotion experience and expression provide additional tools to study emotion regulation, and its development, from a biobehavioral perspective.     

Breaking the language barrier: an emergentist coalition model for the origins of word learning

How do children learn their first words? The field of language development has been polarized by responses to this question. Explanations range from constraints/principles accounts that emphasize the importance of cognitive heuristics in language acquisition, to social-pragmatic accounts that highlight the role of parent-child interaction, to associationistic accounts that highlight the role of "dumb attentional mechanisms" in word learning. In this Monograph, an alternative to these accounts is presented: the emergentist coalition theory. A hybrid view of word learning, this theory characterizes lexical acquisition as the emergent product of multiple factors, including cognitive constraints, social-pragmatic factors, and global attentional mechanisms. The model makes three assumptions: (a) that children cull from multiple inputs available for word learning at any given time, (b) that these inputs are differentially weighted over development, and (c) that children develop emergent principles of word learning, which guide subsequent word acquisition. With few exceptions, competing accounts of the word learning process have examined children who are already veteran word learners. By focusing on the very beginnings of word learning at around 12 months of age, however, it is possible to see how social and cognitive factors are coordinated in the process of vocabulary development. After presenting a new method for investigating word learning, the development of reference is used as a test case of the theory. In 12 experiments, with children ranging in age from 12 to 25 months of age, data are described that support the emergentist coalition model. This fundamentally developmental theory posits that children construct principles of word learning. As children's word learning principles emerge and develop, the character of word learning changes over the course of the 2nd year of life.     

论歌唱艺术创造的特征

歌唱艺术表演在音乐实践活动中,作为联系音乐创作与欣赏的中介环节,一方面担负着创造性地再现作曲家的音乐作品,从而进一步促进和推动音乐创作的使命;另一方面又有通过表演为听众提供审美享受,从而影响和提高他们的审美情趣。歌唱表演的作用正是在与这两个相关的环节联系中显现的。一、歌唱艺术创造性与真实性相互结合歌唱表演作为二度创造决定了它必须兼顾创造性与真实性相互结合,并力求做到二者的协调与统歌唱艺术作为二度创作,仅仅具有真实性,即对原作忠实再现是不够的。它还必须与表演者的创造性相结合,实现真实性与创造性的统…     

Old dogs, new tricks: training the perceptual skills of senior tennis players

The purpose of the study was to determine whether multidimensional perceptual-cognitive skills training, including situational awareness, anticipation, and decision making, improves on-court performance in older adults when compared with a physical training program, including stroke and footwork development. Senior tennis players (N = 27) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: perceptual-cognitive skills training, technique-footwork training, or no training. Results indicated that participants receiving perceptual-cognitive skills training had significantly faster response speeds, higher percentage of accurate responses, and higher percentage of performance decision making in posttest match situations. Findings provide clear evidence that perceptual-cognitive skills can be trained in aged individuals. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered.     

播音主持专业声音艺术的理论与实践

近几年,由于传媒技术的快速发展,使社会需求有了新的变化——高校播音主持专业如雨后春笋,遍地开花。但值得注意的是,对声音艺术的训练,大多缺乏科学有效、简单易学又可供操作的系统方法。在此,通过探寻艺术嗓音训练发声的原理和规律,找到获得漂亮音色的路径与方法,以达到艺术嗓音与艺术创作的完美结合。     

Nutrition for power sports: middle-distance running, track cycling, rowing, canoeing/kayaking, and swimming

Contemporary training for power sports involves diverse routines that place a wide array of physiological demands on the athlete. This requires a multi-faceted nutritional strategy to support both general training needs--tailored to specific training phases--as well as the acute demands of competition. Elite power sport athletes have high training intensities and volumes for most of the training season, so energy intake must be sufficient to support recovery and adaptation. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen reduces high-intensity performance, so daily carbohydrate intake must be emphasized throughout training and competition phases. There is strong evidence to suggest that the timing, type, and amount of protein intake influence post-exercise recovery and adaptation. Most power sports feature demanding competition schedules, which require aggressive nutritional recovery strategies to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis. Various power sports have different optimum body compositions and body weight requirements, but increasing the power-to-weight ratio during the championship season can lead to significant performance benefits for most athletes. Both intra- and extracellular buffering agents may enhance performance, but more research is needed to examine the potential long-term impact of buffering agents on training adaptation. Interactions between training, desired physiological adaptations, competition, and nutrition require an individual approach and should be continuously adjusted and adapted.     

论歌唱与气功的潜在联系

歌唱与气功有直接的内在的联系。气功因素早在歌唱中存在并发挥潜在的功效。笔者经过自身的艺术实践和观察研究，体验到歌唱与气功有着密切的潜在联系。一、歌唱呼吸与气功歌唱中的呼吸实际内容就是气息，也就是用科学的呼吸方法，合理地将气息吸到最佳位置并将它运用到歌唱过程。“着歌者必先调其气，氮包自脐间出，至喉乃意其词，即分抗坠之音，即得其术，即可致通云响谷之妙也。”（《乐府杂录》）“气”对歌唱的影响之大是显而易见的。气功学说要求，力以柔而刚，气以运而实，力从气出，气稳力显，无气则无力。又强调，“气力”要从“心…     

The implications of Ramadan fasting for human health and well-being

Islamic Ramadan is a 29-30 day fast in which food, fluids, medications, drugs and smoking are prohibited during the daylight hours which can be extended between 13 and 18 h · day(-1) depending on the geographical location and season. The majority of health-specific findings related to Ramadan fasting are mixed. The likely causes for these heterogeneous findings lie in the amount of daily time of fasting, number of subjects who smoke, take oral medications, and/or receive intravenous fluids, in the type of food and eating habits and in changes in lifestyle. During Ramadan fasting, glucose homeostasis is maintained by meals taken during night time before dawn and by liver glycogen stores. Changes in serum lipids are variable and depend on the quality and quantity of food intake, physical activity and exercise, and changes in body weight. Compliant, well-controlled type II diabetics may observe Ramadan fasting, but fasting is not recommended for type I, noncompliant, poorly controlled and pregnant diabetics. There are no adverse effects of Ramadan fasting on respiratory and cardiovascular systems, haematologic profile, endocrine, and neuropsychiatric functions. Conclusions: Although Ramadan fasting is safe for all healthy individuals, those with various diseases should consult their physicians and follow medical and scientific recommendations.     

20世纪50年代中期-80年代中期中国声乐艺术

二十世纪五十年代中期到八十年代中期,中国声乐艺术走过了三十年的时光。在这三十年中,中国声乐艺术有过辉煌和创新,有过迷茫和疑惑,有过反思和探索。